Abstract
The writer explains the causes and effects of the El Nino, which has an ocean warming effect, and the La Nina, which creates unusually cold ocean temperatures. The paper describes how the winds, the ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation affect the natural climatic conditions in the Pacific region. The writer explains the impact these effects have on weather and climate in the United States. The paper examines the effect that climatic changes have on the economy. In conclusion, the paper states that the effects of the El Nino and La Nina create significant changes to the weather patterns, which are naturally created and affected, by changes in sea temperatures.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Causes
Ocean Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulations
- During Normal Conditions
- Conditions During El Ni?o
- Conditions During La Ni?a
Effects of El Nino and La Nina
Impact on Weather and Climatic Changes
Impact on Economy
Ecological Impact
Conclusion
Bibliography
References

From the Paper
"Under "normal" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west, collecting warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters down the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a predominantly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that "radiate" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast area of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are dispersed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Ni?o, this situation is interrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and permits the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator decline, and the trade winds lessen even more."

Tags:geography, weather, el, nino, la, nina, pacific, ocean, warm, current, cold, current, temperatures, climate, equator, ocean, surface, temperature, atmospheric, circulations

Abstract
This paper describes the geography of Honolulu and of Oahu in general and relates it to the products that Oahu imports and exports.

From the Paper
"The geography of any area is implicit to its ability to survive and to its economic health. This is true of Hawaii just as it is of any other geographic location. The Hawaiian Islands are located in the northern Pacific Ocean, approximately ... miles southwest of San Francisco. The main island Oahu is where Honolulu is located and will be the focus of this study. The paper will describe the area's geography and how it contributes to Honolulu's imports and exports."

Tags:Honolulu, Hawaii, Oahu, geography, imports, exports, weather, climate, rainfall

Abstract
This paper explains that the physical environment of a nation helps facilitate human opportunities; the United States' geography has proven a source of economic and historical strength, as well as scientific curiosity. The author points out that the original colonies were mostly temperate in climate; but today, it is difficult to characterize the United States climate, as it is tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the Southwest. The paper relates that the United States is far less regionalized than it used to be because of the simultaneous mobility and immigration shifts. Currently, geographers divide America into fourteen distinct regions, called Megalopolis, the American Manufacturing Core,; the Bypassed East; Appalachia and the Ozarks; the Deep South; the Southern Coastlands; the Agricultural Core; the Great Plains and Prairies; the Empty Interior; the Southwest Border Area; California; the North Pacific Coast; the Northlands; and Hawaii.

From the Paper
"The United States is not all urban, even today. It is still one of the breadbaskets of the world in the Midwest and Southern Florida's long growing season and mild winters enable it to be a leader in the production of oranges, lemons, and sugarcane. New York's proximity to harbors brought many immigrants to the land in that region as well as the ability to import new goods and export American goods to other lands. Georgia's verdant and tropical climate made it a place of vacation destinations, and earlier in the nation's history, even a place where the slave trade found a home, because of its ease of growing crops."

Tags:regionalized, civil, weather, environment, agreculture

Abstract
The paper discusses the importance of teaching geography to students - a subject which provides the tools for students to read a map, understand international news reports, follow economic trends and weather reports. The paper shows that without this knowledge, Americans would have little understanding of the world beyond their borders and remain isolationist in nature.

From the Paper
"Geography helps us understand why some countries are important to us even when we are not the best of friends. For example: China is the largest country in the Far East. We are not that friendly with them, but we tolerate each other. If we didn't have a mutually helpful trade agreement, relations might be even more strained. The Chinese understand this and even have a saying for it. "Wnha sh mi yu guje de," which means, "Culture has no national borders." According to a paper written by Clarissa Smith, "In the age of mass media and instant communication, this must be more true than ever, even in a highly controlled society." "

Tags:environment, hotspots, continents, Kuwait

Abstract
This paper examines two chapters that deal with geologic and climate changes over millenia and their impact on both geography and human history. The paper discusses how Weneger developed the theory of continental drift and Koppen plotted climate zones. The paper explains that human evolution and the growth of society has been heavily impacted by climates which are not static, but rather change often.

From the Paper
"Earth has changed dramatically due to catastrophic events some of which were spread over millions of years, such as continental drift, which has created today's surface shape. The surface of the Earth, as a result has been drastically changed many times. (2) There have been at least five major catastrophic events, which completely altered the climate and caused mass extinctions. These include meteor collisions and massive volcanic activities. (3) Climate is not static, but rather changes often within short periods of time as it has since the Wisconsin Glaciations 18,000..."

Tags:pangaea, climate, weather

Abstract
This paper discusses the unique geography of the state of Utah. The paper reviews the different types of geology, landscapes and recreational opportunities in Utah as well as Utah's national parks.

Contents:
Introduction
About Utah's Landscape
Utah Heritage and Culture
Mormon History and Heritage
The Weather of Utah
National Parks Of Utah
Zion National Park
Bryce Canyon National Park
Arches National Park
Canyon lands National Park
Capitol Reef National Park
Ashley National Forest
Utah Fishing
Utah Hunting
Utah Camping
Boating in Utah
Utah Skiing
Utah Snowmobiling
Rock Hounding Utah
The Winter Olympic- 2002

From the Paper
"Another exciting and well known outdoor activity is trout fishing, in high mountain lakes and streams. Seldom know that the state also offers a wide variety of other exciting fishing opportunities such as trophy lake trout. The trout alone weighs at over 40 pounds. In addition, ferocious tiger muskie, striped bass so abundant that they have removed the limit, exclusive and hard-fighting wipers, as well as quality waters for walleye, perch, smallmouth, channel catfish, largemouth, crappie, white bass, and several other species are all to be fond in fishing. Fishing is open throughout the year on most waters. However, all visitors have to follow certain rules of fishing, which are available at all Wildlife Resources offices and also at most local stores and visitor information outlets. "

Tags:sport, nature, lakes, reservoirs, wildlife, camping, reserves, Mormon

Abstract
In this paper the 3 major regions of India are analyzed geographically, looking at the weather patterns, topographical regions, agriculture and climate. The impact of geography on the people of India is also looked at, primarily by looking at the geographic problems in the nation They include population density and a heavy dependence on few industries.

From the Paper
"When studying the land that makes up India, it is important to realize the diversity that abounds in the different regions of the nation. There are three main sections that India can be split into: the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the Peninsula. The Himalayan Mountain range is present in India along the northern border, and especially in the northwest corner of the country. There are numerous peaks of various sizes, but the most notable are Mount Nanda Devi and the Godwin-Austen, which lies in disputed territory. There is also an area known as the Lesser Himalayas, which serves as a transition area between the mountainous regions of the north and the central plains. The Himalayas are a key component in the weather dynamics of all of Southern Asia, and India especially depends on them. India has 4 major seasons: winter in December until February; summer from March until May; monsoons from the southwest in June until September; and monsoons from the northeast in October and November."

Tags:density, himalayan, population, problems, soil

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of the basic geography, history and economy of Turkey and Greece. The political conflicts that started between the two communities when the Turkish Cypriots rejected the Greek Cypriots' desire for ENOSIS for Union with Greece is discussed as well as the results of Cyprus' de facto partition due to the Turkish invasion.

From the Paper
"Cyprus' de facto partition due to the Turkish invasion resulted in a lot of suffering; almost a third of each ethnic community's population had to leave their homes and devastation ensued in the economy of Cyprus. Intensive intervention and economic planning by the government on both sides brought about an improvement in the standard of living of the people. Political systems based on the European structure were formulated by both the communities, with political views which were conventional in nature represented by the parties from left to the right. The Greek Cypriots had two parties which were present from before 1970 and new ones were formed after 1974. However, the progress of the Turkish Cypriots to parliamentary democracy was not as smooth; they had to build a new state first. The "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" was proclaimed in the year 1975. Through a unilateral form of declaring independence in the year 1983 the TRNC was created by the Turkish Cypriots; however, till the early 1990s it was recognized as a nation only by Turkey. ("Country Studies: Developments Since 1974", n. d.)"

Tags:invasion, partition, climate, weather

Abstract
This paper discusses the prominent features of physical geography both within the park and the surrounding region. The focus of the paper is on the physical geography, including topography, minerals, glaciers, soils, animals, plants, environment and climate. Glaciers and the effects of glaciation on the Kenai Fjords National Park and surrounding region are
also discussed in some depth.

Outline
Topography
Rocks and Mineral
Soils
Glaciers
Animals and Wildlife
Plants
Surrounding Bodies of Water
Rivers and Lakes
Environment
Climate and Weather
Geopolitical
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Kenai Fjords National Park is located on the Kenai Peninsula off the southern part of Alaska. The Park and the surrounding region are known for a wide variety of climates, terrain, and flora and fauna. The region also contains reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal. The Peninsula provides a microcosmic view of the overall Alaskan ecology- all the various types of terrain native to Alaska can be found within the Kenai Peninsula. The region is also home to some of the largest glaciers outside of the Arctic Circle."

Tags:peninsula, harding, icefield, lowlands, mountains, glaciers, pleistocene, glaciation

From the Paper
"The late Sophie Coe's book, "The True History of Chocolate" which her husband Michael Coe completed after her death is a history of the journey of chocolate from its origins in the lowland jungles of southern Mexico to the European continent, its future African and Indian colonies, finally returning full circle to the Americas. But the journey of chocolate is only one of the many aspects portrayed in their book. By using chocolate as the vehicle, the Coes have also exposed the 'human history' that is intimately connected to this journey. A journey that progresses through three thousand years in time as well as spanning most of the world."

Tags:america, cocoa, food, latin, maya