Abstract
This paper discusses the basic science that underlies genetic screening, describes the different applications of genetic screening, and investigates some of the common misconceptions and ethical questions about its use.

Outline
Scientific Basis of Genetic Screening
Application of Genetic Testing
Common Misconceptions
Social and Ethical Issues

From the Paper
"Genetic screening itself is simply "the systematic search within a population for persons possessing particular genotypes, which are either associated with disease, predisposing to disease, or leading to disease in descendants" (Miller). In simpler terms, genetic screening involves testing and determining whether "an individual's genetic material to predict present or future disability or disease either for oneself or one's offspring" (McCarrick). Essentially, genetic screening is conducted for several basic reasons, including the care of the ill and the prevention of disease, providing reproductive information, determining the incidence of disorders in the general population, and research (Miller)."

Tags:genes, dna, nucleic, acid, cell, nucleus, double, helix, instructions, biological, prenatal, diagnosis

Abstract
This six-page undergraduate research paper examines and analyzes the issues concerning the legal, social and ethical implications and ramifications of the controversial technology of genetic screening.

Abstract
This paper relates that as genetic screening becomes more common so will the need to deal with persons who are displeased with its results and revelations. The paper then discusses how clinicians must acquire grief and bereavement counseling skills if they are to provide advice and information about interpreting and making decisions about a genetic screening. The paper emphasizes the importance of having such skills and presents examples of situations that illustrate why grief and bereavement counseling skills are so important in genetic screening. The paper concludes that, if the counseling experience is to be satisfactory, the counselor must help parents meet the immediate and long-term social needs of affected individuals in addition to their medical needs.

From the Paper
"However imperfectly it is disseminated, via phone, or arranging for another appointment at a later date, follow-up counseling is just as essential as follow-up physical care. Many counselors believe "the couple should be advised not to have another child until the grieving process has been completed. Counseling should be directed at helping the couple overcome feelings of guilt, feelings of decreased self-worth and feelings of defectiveness. Referral to support groups may be helpful or the use of non-judgmental counseling and support structures that are accessible within the couple's own community (Rosenfeld 1992:1). Providing advice about creating such groups within communities without access to the more extensive array of options in urban locations should be a long-term goal pursued by the health care community."

Tags:metabolic, problems, genotype, proactive, decisions

Abstract
This work seeks to examine genetic testing in the light of the potential contribution of genetic testing specifically in the area of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing. The paper first defines genetic testing and then discusses its goals. The paper then looks at the potential benefits that can be gained from using genetic testing.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use Of Genetic Screening
Guidelines For Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic Testing
Summary And Conclusion

From the Paper
"Genetic testing applications offer great potential in today's society from early detection of disease, to exonerating the wrongfully accused, to identifying criminals that otherwise would have gone on to other commission of crimes, to paternity testing and the new possibility of correction of genetic abnormalities and this is only to list a few. Genetic testing has opened doors for scientific, medical health and prevention, and social advances in quality of life as well as water and food quality measures. Genetic testing is greatly beneficial in today's society."

Tags:DNA, disease, screening

Abstract
The paper defines genetic testing, looks at the screening and testing techniques and examines guidelines for genetic testing. The paper discusses mitochondrial DNA sequencing and describes what is involved in forensic identification via genetic testing.

Outline:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use of Genetic Screening
Guidelines for Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic testing
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Genetic testing is also referred to as 'gene testing' and 'DNA tests' and is a process by which the individual's DNA is examined. DNA is the material which genes are composed of which serve to determine the specific characteristics of living things. DNA determines the individual's features and as well, genetic testing has the capacity to detect particular genes in terms of whether they are present, absent, or altered and specifically in detection of chromosome abnormalities through laboratory testing."

Tags:mitochondrial, DNA, chromosomes, genes

Abstract
The paper describes the case involving genetic screening of employees by Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company (BNSF) and attempts to determine the fairness of the settlement reached by reviewing the literature from both a utilitarian and deontological perspective. The paper explains the utilitarian viewpoint that shows how the BNSF case was not fair to the employer while the deontological viewpoint maintains that the company acted wrongly and deserved the settlement.

Outline:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the Age of Information, an increasing number of people appear to recognize that their traditional and legal rights to privacy are being eroded on a daily basis in a variety of ways. Indeed, video surveillance cameras abound in public places, and it is rare when an individual's actions go unrecorded by someone, somewhere. In this environment, it is reasonable to suggest that more and more American citizens would seek to prevent further intrusions into their private lives by their employers, but the fact of the matter is that many states continue to permit the use of genetic testing by employers in ways that citizens are either unaware of, or are unable to stop. The facts that emerged from a precedent-setting case involving genetic screening by Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company (BNSF) a few years ago serves to illustrate how the Age of Information is being transformed into a Brave New World in some frightening ways in states where genetic testing by employers is still allowed."

Tags:Americans, with, Disabilities, Act

Abstract
Recently human genetic material has been fused with animal cells and cloned. This opens up the possibility of developing organ banks for spare parts and then ultimately genetically modified humans. This paper discusses the social and ethical implications of this technology covering areas such as gene therapy, cloning, mutations and organ banks.

From the Paper
"At our present level of technology a more simple method of preventing genetic diseases or defects being perpetuated would be a "preventative therapy" of pre-implantation diagnosis, giving a couple the opportunity to a discard an embryo with defective genes. This track would not however benefit a couple that both have recessive genes for an illness such as cystic fibrosis. A couple such as this where all embryos would be genetically defective, would be better off using donor sperm or ova backed up by supportive counselling instead of using gene therapy with all its risks. Because such a small minority of couples are in such a position, the medical and scientific community is very hesitant to apply gene therapy at the present time in such situations. (British Medical Association, 1992)."

Tags:mutation, organs, screening, somatic

Abstract
This paper deals with the concept of genetics as it applies to Darwin's natural selection within pigeon varieties. The paper presents, for a basic understanding, the concept of genetics, chromosomes and traits. The topic then shifts to genetic testing in early screening for newborns, why it's important and what can be done if the child tests positive, such as genetic counseling for all family members.

From the Paper
"In order to understand how the multitude of pigeon varieties came to exist, a basic understanding of genetics is required. The University of Utah's basic genetic lessons tell us that within each cell, chromosomes carry the genetic material from their parental DNA. Each pigeon parent contributes one complete set of its DNA to the offspring. According to the University of Utah, within the double helix DNA strand, genes are encoded which tell each cell what to do and allow for individuation and cell specialization. The combination of chromosomal matching from a pigeon's parents and the resulting genes that carries the basic encoding for pigment building proteins account for the majority of pigeon varieties."

Tags:genetics, traits, testing

Abstract
This paper argues that government should regulate the entities that perform genetic testing. The paper first addresses the financial cost of genetic testing, the potential trauma a positive result could cause, the fact that most diseases cannot be prevented and the margin of error in these tests. The paper then contends that in the ultimate interests of efficiency and social cost benefit, there must be government regulation to ensure that those who are seeking the test are informed of the accuracy of results, the margin of error, and the implications of finding out they are destined to have a debilitating disease. The paper emphasizes that there is no reason to deprive the public of access to the procedure, but there is also no reason to allow people arbitrarily to seek out and receive the procedure without being informed, screened and qualified regarding its actual realities.

From the Paper
"Attention should be focused on the innovation that genetic testing offers. Genetic testing is designed as a presymptomatic medical laboratory test, whereby before an individual experiences the symptoms of the onset of a particular disease, they are tested for their genetic destiny towards that disease. Of course, specific conditions in the lives of the patients will promote testing for specific diseases, based on environmental characteristics that indicate a higher likelihood of those patients contracting the disease in question. Familial disease patterns are of course the largest barometer of potential hereditary illnesses contained in the genetic DNA. Be this disease Parkinson's, cancer or any other type of genetically induced or related conditions, the individuals can be tested via presymptomatic genetic testing for uncommon diseases and cancers."

Tags:government, regulation, disease, treatment

Abstract
Discusses several dominantly inherited disorders. Huntington's Disease. Cavernous Angioma. Von Willebrand disease. How the defective genes are inherited. Genetic linkage analysis. Population and gender affected. Symptoms. Onset of disease. Mean age. Importance of genetic screening. Effect on pregnancy and the fetus. Major signs. Technical analysis of subject.

From the Paper
"Offspring inherit one set of chromosomes from the mother and one from the father. Dominantly inherited genetic disorders are those in which only one copy of the gene for that disease is needed for the disease to be present (Robinson, 1999). The gene can be inherited from either parent, and any parent with that gene will also have the disease. A parent with such a gene has a 50 percent chance of passing it on to their offspring. One example of a dominantly inherited disease is Huntington's disease. The disease is caused by a defect on chromosome 4 in the gene for a protein known as Huntington, whose function is currently unknown (Berkow, Beers and Fletcher, 1997; Robinson, 1999). The defect in the gene causes a repeat of 40 or more copies of a combination of the C, A and G DNA..."