Abstract
This paper addresses studies in recent years that have indicated a genetic or biological basis for homosexuality. According to the paper, earlier studies looked at the role of the X chromosome in determining sexual orientation. A recent study showed the mothers having 2 or more homosexual sons had extreme skewing of X chromosome inactivation. Several others studies point to the influence of genes on autosomal chromosomes. Transgenderism in some cases is considered a type of homosexuality.

From the Paper
"Is homosexuality a psychological disorder or a natural biological expression with a genetic origin occurring in a small percentage of the population? The theories and debates have been ongoing for decades and still there is no consensus (Johnson, 2003). Additionally, debates surrounding the desire to changes genders (transgenderism) are also at odds (Bailey and Triea, 2007). HOMOSEXUALITY Scientific studies, especially in the past decade or two with more advanced tools and techniques such as mapping DNA, have revealed genetic..."

Tags:homosexuality, genetics, transgenderism

Abstract
This paper provides a search and analysis on the psychology of homosexuality. In looking at the subject in a historical light, the writer hopes to understand and provide some input to the question of genetics versus mental predisposition. Providing this information, the writer hopes it will help bring further insight into the subject to understand the social and political implications. The writer argues that the place of psychology in studying the subject of homosexuality is not in the therapy to change one's sexual orientation but to understand the complex elements of sexual orientation.

From the Paper
"Homosexuality and psychology have a long history together, both condemning and aiding one another. Traditionally, psychology was employed in order to help classify homosexuality in a person, just like any other disease would be diagnosed and to treat that behavior that many were beginning to call "unnatural" (Herek, 2009, para. 1). Indeed, the public was just beginning to call homosexuality and other non-traditional, or at least not mentioned, sexual acts "unnatural," believing them to be some sort of "wickedness" (Herek, 2009, paras. 1-2). Before the end of the 12th century, homosexuality was actually accepted, "tolerated or ignored" (Herek, 2009, paras. 1-2). The existence of homosexuality as a normal act was often alluded to in ancient Greek texts and other ancient cultures. It was mainly due to religious influence that homosexuality and other non-traditional sexual relationships were condemned at the end of the 12th century, a condemnation that not only made its way through Europe (Herek, 2009, paras. 1-2), but that is also well known across the world today. Soon, homosexuality was not just condemned, but it was made illegal. Even in the first American colonies, harsh penalties were put in place for those who engaged in homosexual acts, in addition to those who had sex outside of marriage and even husbands and wives who had sex more non-traditional positions (Herek, 2009, para. 2)."

Tags:psychology, homosexuality, genetics

Abstract
This paper discusses the concepts of inheritance on issues of intelligence and personality, or any issue that seems to indicate a biological basis for human behavior. The paper concludes that while it can make its case for the inheritance of sexual preference, it needs larger study populations to be more definitive and that there appears to be no one theory that at this time can lead to a definitive answer.

Table of Contents:
Introduction To The Topic
Theories on Homosexuality - Socio-biological Perspectives
Theories of Inheritance - The Brain Studies Model
Theories of Inheritance - The Twin Study
Summary

From the Paper
"The authors did note that there appeared to be one significantly inconsistent result in their study. In respect to the non-twin brothers, and not reported in the data above, the rate of homosexuality was 9.2%, which was significantly lower than the expected rate. (It should be explained that the rate of homosexuality in this group should be approximately the same for non-twin brothers as it would be for dizygotic twins)"

Tags:sociobiology, twins, nature, nurture

Abstract
This paper explains that both advocates and opponents of homosexual rights have supported efforts to determine the cause of homosexuality so that a policy and position on the status of homosexuals within society can be established. Next, the author reviews the biological genetic theory and the social theory; however, the author contends that identifying one distinct cause for homosexuality is problematic. The paper argues that the best position for the homosexual movement is to state that the cause of homosexuality is not important but, rather, the preservation of the equal rights for all people is the most paramount objective.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Gay Gene Fallacy
The Argument against Nurture
Conclusion: The Continuing Debate and the Direction of Homosexual Rights

From the Paper
One common theory is that sexual preference is biologically determined. Heterosexual and homosexual individuals are born with innate preferences that eventually determine their choice of sex partners. This view of homosexuality contends that homosexuals "Some evidence suggests that the widespread belief of a biological cause of homosexuality would help to reduce the incidence of discrimination based upon sexual orientation. In an empirical study focused upon determining the factors that influence the perception of social workers of homosexuals and homophobia,
"The understanding of a biological cause for sexual orientation was more likely to lead to positive regard for homosexual than other factors such as sex, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status or living arrangements (urban versus rural). However, individuals who maintain very strong religious views, particularly those who view homosexuality as a sin, were ultimately the group most likely to maintain views described as homophobic.
"Based upon the results gathered through studies such as Swank and Raiz (2007), some gay rights advocates make the mistake of believing that a biologically determined cause for homosexuality would further the movement. Brookey (2001) explained that advocates of gay rights maintain that this research proves that sexual orientation is not chosen and therefore gays should not suffer from discrimination because of their sexuality."

Tags:medicalization, civil rights battle, lifestyle option, stigmatization religious dogma

Abstract
This paper will discuss the pros and cons of choice verses genetics within the scope of homosexuality. By showing that many gays are influenced by genetics in their sexuality, we can see how this creates a point in matter, but in the field of psychology, it is obvious that both have their flaws and positive aspects. Also, the elements of cell structure are as well, a factor in the way that a person may choose the homosexual lifestyle in their lives. With these differing theories we can see how they weigh each other out, but the pros and cons of each argument will make themselves apparent.

Abstract
This paper examines the causes of sexual orientation and cites many sources that indicate that homosexuality is a biological condition related to a region on the bottom of the X chromosome in the homosexual male.

From the Paper
"As the 20th century gradually becomes a smaller and smaller object in the rear view mirror of time, society's tolerance of discrimination based on one's sexual orientation is rapidly decreasing. While it may seem that homosexuality and bisexuality are relatively new compared to heterosexuality, this is not the case. This popular misconception is likely do to an increased presence and awareness of persons with these minority sexual orientations due to society's more tolerant attitude. In reality, it is likely that homosexuals and bisexuals have been around since the dawn of man; however, most were forced to hide their sexual orientation for thousands of years because of societal pressures. In fact, homosexuality and bisexuality did not begin with the evolution of humans. Despite the widely accepted belief that animals do not exhibit homosexual behavior, one of the main arguments behind the belief that homosexuality is somehow "unnatural," scientists have found evidence of homosexuality in over 450 species of animals (Price, 1999). Therefore, if humans evolved from animals that have heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual individuals, it would be expected, or at the very least not surprising, that humans would also exhibit these sexual orientations."

Tags:gay, genes, genetics, homosexuality, sex, traits, Kinsey, testerone, biology, heredity

From the Paper
"ABSTRACT
This paper examined the etiology of homosexual preference. In this regard, the paper examined genetic theories, biological theories, and psychobehavioral theories of the causes and contributors to homosexuality. It was concluded that, in general, there is insufficient evidence to support any one theoretical perspective. It was further concluded that it was likely that the most valid theoretical perspective would be one that presented a multiply-determine perspective.

Introduction
Over the last decade there has been a good deal of research examining for determinants and contributors to homosexual preference (See: Allgeier & Allgeier, 1994; Sue, Sue & Sue, 1994; Gonsiorek, 1990; Muehrer, 1995; Schmidt & Clement, 1995). The.."

Abstract
This paper examines the question of genetics and homosexuality and how it has become increasingly important to discover its validity. It looks at how homosexuals are being refused leadership positions, custody and other benefits for something they allege is in born. The writer critiques literature relevant to the topic and presents the way each study was conducted and shows how studies have come down strongly on the side of genetics playing a part in the sexual orientation of each person. It evaluates how the maternal component of genetics has come to the forefront several times as the link to homosexuality and the importance of studying the maternal chromosomes more closely to try and locate the exact marker. It is a political and social need that it be determined one way or the other so that society can make its decisions based on fact not emotional reaction to homosexuality.

From the Paper
"Because of the religious and moral arguments that have been presented regarding homosexuality over the years, the scientific world has been working to uncover the truth about the origin of sexual preference. Church leaders blast the homosexual community and condemn its members to eternity in hell, while advocates for the rights of homosexuals insist it is something they were born to be. Those who are against the practice of homosexuality believe it is a conscious choice made by a person and they have the power to change their mind and become heterosexual."

Tags:chromosomes, marker, sexual, orientation, church, heterosexual

Abstract
This paper explains that Egypt has one of the most egregious records in the world concerning the rights of homosexuals because (1) homosexuality is taboo culturally, socially and politically, (2) gay men are demonized both by the press and public and, (3) for over fifty years, the legislation has made male homosexual conduct criminal. The author points out that a survey of American adults shows that the majority of Americans today attribute homosexuality to genetics and are supportive of extending rights for domestic partnerships and marriage to homosexuals; nonetheless, twenty-two states still have laws which criminalize homosexual behavior between two consenting adults, even when done in private. The paper relates that Netherlands was the first country in the world to recognize full marriage rights for homosexuals because the Dutch argue that people are going to do what they want to do no matter what the law is, so they might as well legalize homosexuality so it can be discussed out in the open and regulated.

Table of Contents
Egypt's Political Stance
The Cairo 52
America's Political Stance
The Netherlands Political Stance
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The law condoning homosexual marriage passed in the lower house with a 109-33 vote and in the upper house with a 49-26 majority; the law went into effect April 1, 2001. When the first homosexual marriages were underway the Vatican denounced what was happening as a "grave danger" but the mayor of Amsterdam responded by saying, "we have gained insight that an institution as important as marriage should be open to everyone." Homosexuals now have marriage rights that are equivalent to that of heterosexuals except that homosexual couples may not adopt children from other countries because of their sensitivities."

Tags:domestic-partner, protection, rights, taboo, behavior

Abstract
This paper explains how attitudes towards homosexuality have changed over the years, going from being regarded as 'abnormal' by society to having legislative changes made to prevent discrimination and to allow same-sex marriages.

From the Paper
"In every culture, there are acceptable beliefs to set the standard for the status of 'normal' and 'abnormal'. Homosexuality had always been a frowned-upon subject. Humanity, preferring the natural over the extreme, generally hold love-based relationships that produce no offspring as not only useless but contrary to the natural order. Thus said, it is easy to see why homosexuality is associated with abnormality. History retells persecutions, executions, and ostracisms of homosexuals, relaying that there is plenty proof the idea of loving a same-gender other is taboo in so many societies. Until the Gay Pride movements, people continued to regard the gay and lesbian populace as unclean, immoral scabs of society. In fact, there is nothing 'wrong' about homosexuality. Not only is homosexuality perfectly appropriate in both health and moral, but society is unjust to regard it as completely pathological.
"It is not as if homosexuality is a topic swept under the rug; it is a widely discussed topic to which many people have given heavy consideration and effort. In the year 2000, Vermont began toeing the line between ''marriage-like status'' and the lack of such (Jost)."

Tags:moral, stigmatizing, behavior, genetics