From the Paper
"Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder characterized by an inability of the body to utilize one of the constituents of a normal diet- phenylalanine (PHE), which is one of the essential amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized within the body. It means that they have to be taken in from the foods. PHE is found in all protein foods such as meat, eggs, fish, milk, cheese, and so forth. "

Tags:acid, amino, dna, enzyme, metabolism, mutation, pha, phe, phenylpyruvic, pheoh, proteins, trysosoine, tyrosine

Abstract
This paper examines different forms of genetic disorders, concentrating on single gene mutations and deficiencies. It explains how these are caused and explores the process of DNA and cell progression (and subsequent degression) which lead to these disorders.

From the Paper
"The DNA of a gene determines the characteristics of any organism. In some genes, different proteins are coded in the gene to perform different functions within the organism. Structural proteins determine the physical form of the organism; functional proteins determine how cells, tissues and organs survive in their environment; and regulatory proteins serve as switches to direct metabolic responses as needed (New Proteins, Cells and Individuals)."

Tags:genetic, mutation, sickle, hemoglobin, organ, reactive, molecule, symptoms, bacteria, abnormal

Abstract
This paper first explains that the genetic composition of particular populations defines various superficial differences among them as well as the predisposition to some diseases in one population and a resistance to them in others. Next, the author discusses the genetic multifactorial disorders of breast and colon cancer among Ashkenazi Jews and the single gene disorder of sickle cell anemia among individuals of African descent. The paper relates the problem of Huntington's chorea, which is caused by a chromosome abnormality, among descendants from Europeans and the single gene disorder hemochromatosis found in people from northern Europe.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Multifactorial Disorders: Breast and Colon Cancer among Ashkenazi Jews
Prevalence of Disorders Caused by Chromosome Abnormalities: Huntington's Chorea
Single Gene Disorders: Prevalence of Sickle Cell Anemia
Single Gene Disorders: Hemochromatosis

From the Paper
"The evidence against it demonstrated that the sickle cell trait offered survival advantage against malaria only to children before they developed a degree of acquired immunity. Most adults were able to develop antibodies that attacked the parasite, thus the sickle cell gene was of little advantage to them.
"However, the Allison's hypothesis is supported by some studies of malaria epidemics and other evidentiary materials. The most obvious fact is that sickle cell disease is more common in the regions infested with malaria parasites."

Tags:acquisition, intermarriage, migrations, late-onset, homozygous

Abstract
This paper looks at the debilitating disease called Fragile X Disorder. It examines the physical characteristics of people who suffer from this disorder as well as mental and behavioral problems. It focuses on the specific issue of speech impairments causing communication problems.

From the paper:

"Fragile X is the most common inherited cause of developmental and learning disabilities, affecting as many as one person in every 1,000 (Saunders, 1999). Fragile X is a sex-linked genetic disorder and is named so because of a fragile site on the tip of the long arm of the X chromosome where it looks as if a piece of the chromosome is broken off (Saunders, 1999). The gene responsible for the disorder is Fragile Mental Retardation 1 (FMR-1) and can be diagnosed through DNA testing (Saunders, 1999). The FMR-1 gene becomes faulty due to an expansion of three nucleotides, Cytosine-Guanine-Guanine (CGG), which inhibits the production of the FMR protein; the FMR protein is essential for normal brain development (Symons, et al, 2001). "

Tags:chromosone, gene, defective, character, symptom, behavioral, development, cognitive

Abstract
This paper gives an insight into the principles of genetic engineering since its first concept by an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel. It discusses how selective engineering of genetics is invaluable to the health and happiness of humans and how the importance of this issue has played second fiddle to the arguments, for and against genetic engineering for years. Examples are provided to argue the positive side of regeneration and to show how in time, genetic disorders such as "Down Syndrome" and "Multiple Sclerosis" could be made diseases of the past.

From the Paper
"Even though there are a lot of risks, the possibilities of what we can do are endless. Genetic engineering should be allowed to progress because of the benefits for human beings outweigh the consequences. For example, cows could be genetically cloned to produce milk with medications in it. This means that vaccination shots and pills would become obsolete. Babies could be brought up immune to diseases by simply being fed milk. Imagine what this could mean for people who live in countries like Somalia. Whole countries could be made healthy and immune to disease."

Tags:dolly, cloning, regeneration, disease, dna, cancer

Abstract
This paper focuses on the ethical and moral issues involved in the mapping of human genome. The genetic research aims at minimizing the risk of genetic disorders but people argue that this research does not take into account the issue of human dignity.

Abstract
The following essay discusses the ethical and moral issues connected with the mapping of human genome and unethical practices during fetal tissue study. The genetic research and fetal tissue research aim at minimizing the risk of genetic disorders in children and adults but many argue that this kind of research does not take into account the issue of human dignity.

From the Paper
"The genetic research or genetic engineering, as it is commonly known as, refers to the study of human genetic makeup, which is required for better and deeper understanding of the genetic problems. This subject has been heatedly debated all over the world but most prominently in the West where the research is currently gaining momentum. The government plays a key role in the research because it is only when the government allows a particulate controversial research that further studies can be conducted in that field."

Tags:discovery, successful, treatment, fetal, tissue, research, human, cloning, issue, genome, research

Abstract
This paper summarizes and critically analyzes three studies that focus on bipolar disorder and how strongly it correlates with both attempted and completed suicide. The first study, "A Comparison of the Medical Lethality of Suicide Attempts in Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorders" examines two diagnostic groups to determine whether individuals with bipolar disorder have higher rates of lethality in their suicide attempts than individuals with major depressive disorder. The second study, "Heterogeneity of the Risk of Suicidal Behavior in Bipolar-Spectrum," explores the connection between one's genetic makeup and his or her vulnerability to suicide and bipolar disorder. The third study, "Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide Among Patients with Bipolar Disorder," examined common risk factors associated with suicide attempts. The rest of the paper discusses the purposes, hypotheses, assumptions, reasoning, alternate explanations, and trends in the studies. Lastly, the paper discusses the consequences that result from abnormal behavior from bipolar disorder.

From the Paper
"For this study, researchers gathered a total of 307 individuals who had already been diagnosed with a mood disorder, which was a criterion one needed to meet in order to be included in this particular study. Sixty-six subjects had bipolar disorder I, 36 had bipolar disorder II, 2 had non-specified bipolar disorder and 203 had major depressive disorder. The second criterion that had to be met by all the subjects was that they had to have at least one previous suicide attempt in their medical/psychological history. Two diagnostic groups were formed from the total number of subjects, based on each person's diagnosis. Those with major depressive disorder made up one group while those with bipolar disorder made up the other. Each subject was then interviewed by a clinical psychologist or psychiatric nurse. In addition, they were each administered several assessments they were required to complete. These assessments included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), the Brown-Goodwin Aggression Inventory (BG), the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS), the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) and Beck's Medical Lethality Scale (BMLS)."

Tags:diagnostic, behavior, genetic, abnormal, research, psyche, schizophrenia, psychiatric, psychologist, aggression, impulsivity, proband, susceptibility, personality, comorbidity, unipolar

Abstract
This paper presents a general overview and discussion of the psychological disorders known as Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Disorder. The paper presents definitions of both disorders and discusses several aspects associated with these disorders including diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology, risk factors, genetic and biological causes, symptoms of each disorder and need for interventions.

From the Paper
"This research paper presents conduct disorder and antisocial disorder. Related to conduct disorder the following are discussed: definition, diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology and risk factors, genetic and biological causes and risk factors, disorder onset as a risk factor, familial and racial risk factors, childhood risk behaviors, developmental progression, course and consequences and assessment, treatment and forensic issues. Related to antisocial disorder the following are discussed: definition, diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology and risk factors, genetic and biological causes and risk factors..."

Tags:Conduct, Disorder, and, Antisocial, Disorder

Abstract
This paper discusses post-traumatic stress disorder, a disorder that affects the body's stress chemicals and hormones, and looks at some of its possible causes. The cause of post-traumatic stress disorder is largely unknown but the author attributes genetic, physical, social, and psychological factors in its development. The paper describes the possible symptoms that a patient of post-traumatic stress disorder might have and discusses the available treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder such as psychological counseling and medication.

Outline:
Causes and Development
Symptoms
Treatment
References

From the Paper
"The National Institute of Mental Health cites the example of a rape victim who testified that for years, she spoke about the rape as if it happened to another woman, being detached to it in terms of feelings. In time, she started to have flashbacks, making her terrified. She also started reliving the rape. She also became very anxious every year at Thanksgiving, around which the rape had occurred."

Tags:anxiety disorder, trauma treatment