Abstract This paper offers a biography of philosopher Jean Paul Sartre, known for his writings on existentialism and free will. The paper includes some comparisons to other philosophers with similar ideas, as well as a number of direct quotes and explanations of his work. The writer also shows how Sartre explored the concepts of freedom, the individual, genetics, and many others.
From the Paper "Sartre, or some other theorist who know more about genetics might respond by arguing that genetics, while it might require a slightly larger limitation on the scope of our freedom than previously realized, wouldn?t require us to reject the possibility of freedom. Indeed, we are aware that other factors come to play an intense role in the development of an organism. Indeed, the genetic component is what is responsible for the genotype, but we must also consider what is known as the phenotype."
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the background of Jean Piaget and his theory of four stages of child development. The paper discusses his influence on education and notes criticisms of Piaget's model. The paper points out that although Piaget's theory of cognitive development has appeared to lose its momentum as a new philosophy in recent years, his contributions to the education of children are far-reaching. The paper concludes that modern theorists in this area will build on the stages set out by Piaget, perhaps improving the reasoning behind his theory.
Outline:
Introduction
The Early Years
Piaget's Theory in Stages
Piaget's Influence on Education
Criticisms of Piaget's Model
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the past few decades, theories of cognitive psychology have been applied to many different aspects of modern life. The study of cognitive psychology has been applied to many educational reform efforts that seek to implement new and better methods of teaching children. One such cognitive psychologist, Jean Piaget, is most noted for his studies and philosophy regarding the actions of children. Although he never taught children, Piaget has been hailed as an educator as a result of his many writings on the manner in which children think and learn."
Abstract The paper reports on the company and the product "Apple Bottoms Jeans", a line of women's jeans designed by a rapper named Nelly and sold through a distribution company. The paper examines how Nelly designs the clothing and his cousin operates the company. The paper further examines how the company does its own marketing, and the product is sold through an association with the music world, as well as other endorsements and methods of marketing.
From the Paper "Apple Bottom Jeans is a company that has had considerable success in a relatively short period of time. It is also a company with an unusual genesis, having been created by a hip-hop artist who designed a pair of jeans for women and has since marketed those jeans in a very effective manner."
Abstract This paper compares Michel Foucault and Jean-Francois Lyotard, both early postmodern philosophers, through the use of two of their works, as well as other sources. These works are Foucault's "The Body of the Condemned" and Lyotard's "The Postmodern Condition". In addition to these works, other information about Foucault and Lyotard is used to indicate the similarities and differences between these two works, their philosophies and their beliefs. While the two works are analyzed, the overall philosophies of Foucault and Lyotard are also addressed.
Outline:
Michel Foucault
Jean-Francois Lyotard
Conclusion
From the Paper "Foucault fits into the general philosophical tradition, but it is the critical tradition, similar to Kant, and most of what Foucault writes about and proclaims is a very critical history where human nature and thought is concerned (Foucault, n.d.). This does not mean that the history of ideas that he discusses is also an analysis of the errors that might be seen when issues are examined after the fact. Instead, it should be taken to mean that Foucault's work is an analysis based on the relationship between object and subject, and what conditions are seen to either form or modify those relationships (Foucault, n.d.)."
Abstract This paper deals with the concept of genetics as it applies to Darwin's natural selection within pigeon varieties. The paper presents, for a basic understanding, the concept of genetics, chromosomes and traits. The topic then shifts to genetic testing in early screening for newborns, why it's important and what can be done if the child tests positive, such as genetic counseling for all family members.
From the Paper "In order to understand how the multitude of pigeon varieties came to exist, a basic understanding of genetics is required. The University of Utah's basic genetic lessons tell us that within each cell, chromosomes carry the genetic material from their parental DNA. Each pigeon parent contributes one complete set of its DNA to the offspring. According to the University of Utah, within the double helix DNA strand, genes are encoded which tell each cell what to do and allow for individuation and cell specialization. The combination of chromosomal matching from a pigeon's parents and the resulting genes that carries the basic encoding for pigment building proteins account for the majority of pigeon varieties."
Abstract This paper discusses the newly discovered phenomenon of genetically engineered and genetically modified foods that are being produced, sold and consumed in the United States of America. First, the paper describes and explains this phenomenon by using media sources. Then, it discusses various media sources and the concerns and questions they have regarding genetically engineered or modified foods. Finally, the paper notes concerns that neighboring countries, in this case Mexico, have for their own people and environments.
From the Paper "Throughout the history of the United States, science has played a large part in the foods and products that the nation's citizens consume. From new foods that are imported and incorporated into the national crop and diet, to older, standby foods that are improved or used in new or different ways, American eating and consumption has long been shaped by technology and scientific advancement. And, as such shifts and innovations have made their way into the country's fields and barns and supermarkets and onto its dinner tables, the American media has also had much to say, for good or for bad, about how science is helping or hurting the consumers that depend on and utilize such developments."
Abstract The following paper discusses the issue of genetic cloning by looking at its origins and scientific advances.The paper examines the research on genetic engineering and cloning that was used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. It looks at significant advances in agriculture, industry and medicine. Although there are many potential benefits to this technology, the prospect of cloning humans has raised many practical, ethical and religious dilemmas that are discussed in this paper.
From the Paper "Genetic engineering is the changing of an organism's DNA, genetic material to eliminate unwanted traits or to produce desirable traits. The earliest form of genetic engineering dates back to the scientist Gregor Mendel who did experiments with peas. He bred only the peas with the most desirable traits in order to achieve a healthier and stronger pea (McCuen 8). This method, called selective breeding, is still used today with plants and animals in order to increase food production. Corn plants are selectively bred in order to produce a larger tastier kernel. Another type of genetic engineering called hybridization or crossbreeding involves breeding animals of different species in order to obtain the most desirable traits of both. Male donkeys are crossbred with female horses to produce mules, which are good work animals (Levine 1). Genes are made of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid. The discovery of DNA in 1953 by Drs. Watson and Crick led to a much better understanding of the structure and function of genes. Since that scientific discovery many scientists have developed techniques to manipulate the DNA in genes in order to control different genetic processes. In the 1970s, scientists discovered restriction enzymes, which are enzymes that are able to cut and splice DNA. This led to the scientific technique known as recombinant DNA, which has paved the way for more sophisticated types of genetic engineering (McCuen 8)."
Abstract The paper begins with a discussion of severe arable land degradation and how genetic modification works. Various methods of genetic modification methods are provided, with references from scientific sources. The essay moves on to discuss impact of genetic engineering on maize gene pool and possible scenarios. Also mentioned is the down side of engineering plants to produce pesticides. Various fears of unknown effects from GMO are stated with case studies. Lastly, the essay addresses ethical and political reasons for and against GMO.
From the Paper "Food is a crucial factor in supporting life on earth, but with the extremely fast rates of population growth, many wonder how long will it be before human consumption exceeds food production. Already, erosion and nutrient depletion has taken its toil on food production, with nearly 40 percent of the world's arable land seriously degraded (Robbins, 2001). In the early 1990s, a new science called Genetic Engineering came up with a possible solution."
Abstract This paper argues that technologies for producing genetically modified food (GMF) should be applied cautiously since such food may be dangerous to human health, the environment, and the economy.
From the Paper "The progression of science holds out the promise of new technologies that can solve urgent human problems. Among these problems are the international challenges of human hunger, malnutrition, over-nutrition and disease. Much funding and energy to solve these problems is currently being directed towards developing technologies to genetically modify foods. These technologies can and already have yielded tremendous benefits in addressing human crises. One example is the recent introduction of golden rice, normal rice that has been..."
Abstract The paper explores the dangers of genetically engineered food products in the marketplace. It traces activities of anti-genetic engineering groups and their relationship with biotech corporations. Legal and political implications of the industry are also studied.
From the Paper "The new biotechnology of genetic engineering initiates thoughts of a glow in the dark bunny, plants that eat poison, plants that contain pesticides and some medicines. New cures for diseases or solutions to problems that plague the world, such as starvation, are the promises made by the many supporters of this technology. However, many people are skeptical, because they know little of the potential side effects it may have on the people who eat or use the genetically modified products. An article printed in the Christian Science Monitor entitled "Europe Invites Biotech Debate" by Peter Ford on September 11, 2001, explains the position of the public and the European Commission concerning genetically modified products while keeping his view of the issue from influencing the way that he writes. Karen Charman, on the other hand, lets her views of government control give her a clear agenda as to how she states the United States? position in this debate in her article, ?Spinning Science into Gold.? Comparing the biotech issues between ?Spinning Science into Gold,? and ?Europe Invites Biotech Debate,? one sees that, unlike European nations, corporations in the United States maintain exclusive control over genetically engineered products. Clearly there is a need for government intervention to regulate corporations."
Abstract This paper examines the multitude of issues related to crime and more specifically, the fundamental relationship between genetics and crime. It evaluates the three distinct methodologies (adoption studies, family studies, and twin studies) that are used to discover the correlation between genetic influences on antisocial and criminal behavior. It also reviews different twin studies and their correlation to antisocial and criminal behavior. It concludes with recommendations for finding solutions to the crime problem.
From the Paper "Few issues are as controversial and difficult to resolve as crime. Over the past 20-25 years, public concern over certain aspects of the crime problem has intensified. In particular, law enforcement and the public have focused on the challenge of supervising parolees and probationers in the community, juvenile crime, the role of television in producing violence, and urban gangs. Researchers have found a causal relationship exists between crime and such traits as: age; economic status; education level; environmental factors; ethnicity; gender; genetics; intelligence (or lack thereof); psychological factors; race; sex; sociological factors; etc."
Tags: criminal, behavior, dizygotic, twins, monozygotic, genetic, etiology, law
Abstract In this paper, the writer looks at genetic testing from different angles, including people's stories and personal interviews with doctors. The focus of the paper is how effective genetic testing is on cancer, especially ovarian and breast cancer.
From the Paper "Research has defined family history as playing a major risk factor in the development of this deadly disease. They have identified two specific genes, the BRCA -1 and BRCA-2, that are believed to be responsible for ovarian cancer and can be identified through genetic testing. This gene's are specific genes coded for Breast Cancer, but have recently shown proof of also being the coded gene's for ovarian cancer. Because of these findings doctors are pressuring people to have genetic testing done, especially if you are a first degree relative of a daughter, sister or mother who has previously been diagnosed with ovarian cancer."
Abstract Monsanto is a leading provider of agricultural products to farmers. This paper analyzes the company and then presents a definition of GE. The paper then discusses why and how genetic engineering was introduced to Indonesia by Monsanto.
Paper Outline:
What is Monsanto?
What is GE? What is GE Seed?
What is Monsanto's Background of Internationally Traded Genetically Engineered (GE) Seed?
What are the Regulations of GE Products in USA?
What are the Regulations and Laws of GE Products in Indonesia?
What is the Jurisdiction of US Law in International Trade?
What Does it Take to put a Product on the Market in Indonesia?
What did Monsanto do to put GE seed in Indonesia?
Did Monsanto Follow the Regulations?
What was the Response in Indonesia?
What was the Outcome of the Legal Process in the USA?
What are the Implications of this Case on the International GE Trade?
Bibliography
From the Paper "In recent years, Indonesia has liberalized its trade regime and taken a number of important steps to reduce protection. Since 1996, the Indonesian Government has issued deregulation packages that have reduced overall tariff levels, simplified the tariff structure, removed restrictions, replaced non-tariff barriers with more transparent tariffs, and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment. The GOI issued a deregulation package in July 1997, which introduced additional tariff reductions."
Abstract This paper defines cloning as the production of a group of genetically identical cells or organisms, all descended from a single individual. The members of a clone have precisely the same characteristics, except where mutation and environmentally caused developmental variation have occurred. The first recorded cloning experiment took place in 1938, when a German scientist experimented by transferring a nucleus from an adult cell to an enucleated egg which resulted in the successful creation of an identical twin. This paper details the various types of artificial and natural cloning which include: Molecular cloning, cellular cloning, embryo twinning, natural regeneration, primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The writer of this paper also discusses the moral and ethical controversy surrounding genetic cloning.
From the Paper "Some examples of cloning from nature are the primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The primary reproductive mode occurs in species whose reproduction is strictly asexual; each population consists of one or more clones, depending on the number of individuals in the colony there was to start. Such species include all bacteria and blue-green bacteria, most protozoans, algae, some yeast, and even some higher plants and animals, such as dandelions and flatworms. Supplementary reproductive mode occurs in some algae, which reproduce sexually and asexually. Those individuals formed by asexual reproduction, called zoospores constitute a clone. In the club mosses and some higher plants, a runner, or stem, grows horizontally along the surface of the soil and at intervals produces roots and upright stalks. When the sections of stem between stalks disintegrate, the separated individuals constitute a clone."
Tags:genetic, engineering, cloning, research, animal, experiment, controversy, ban, human
Abstract The following paper examines the controversial issue of genetically modified foods - particularly as it exists within Canada. The paper discusses how. at present, no law exists to compel labeling indicating that a consumable product is genetically altered. The writer explores how there is a growing sense - and it has existed for nearly a decade in earnest - that such labeling should take place, as well as a more transparent testing process for biotech goods.
From the Paper "In recent years, the furor sparked by the growing popularization of foods that are genetically engineered has led to calls for a serious re-assessment of how in-store products are labeled for consumers. As this paper is written, there are a multitude of everyday foods - cereals, baby food, even ice cream - which contain genetically modified ingredients which have not been tested for human or environmental safety. Quite simply, this is an affront to the right of Canadians to be protected from potentially harmful foodstuffs, and it is also an affront to the right of Canadians to be informed of what precisely they are purchasing for consumption."
