Abstract
The paper analyzes recent research which suggests that is it important to examine gender related differences in autobiographical memory. The paper further analyzes the available studies which suggest that gender differences do exist with respect to autobiographical memory, and may be the result of multiple factors including socialization and cognitive processes. The paper proposes to help fill the gap that currently exists with respect to this line of research. The literature review focuses on the current studies available analyzing the effects of gender on autobiographical recall. The paper specifically attempts to outline what, if any, gender differences exist, where they exist, why they exist and the implications of memory differences between the sexes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Autobiographical Memory: Gender Differentiation
Analysis and Summary of Literature
Critical Appraisal of Autobiographical Memory Research

From the Paper
"Evidence suggests that children's "schemas change as they age" enabling memories to change frequently, hence "memories from an early age have no suitable framework from which they can be retrieved" (Betz, et al. 1996). Recent research suggests however that children do learn how to represent events early on, and this ability does not change into adulthood. The method of representation to reveal autobiographical memory is through narratives, or the process of learning how to relate information regarding one's autobiographical history through story telling (Betz et al. 1996)."

Tags:emotion, recall, psychology, self

Abstract
This paper examines studies pertinent to identifying the difference in economic assistance programs and development efforts targeting Third World women, as well as strategies that are currently being employed to improve the economic status of this significantly disadvantaged group. Based on the reviewed studies, several research hypotheses are formulated for qualitative testing.

From the Paper
"This research consisted of a review of the existing literature on gender economics in the context of the developing countries of the Third World. The examined literature consisted of studies pertinent to identifying the difference in economic assistance programs and development efforts targeting Third World women, as well as strategies that are currently being employed to improve the economic status of this significantly disadvantaged group. Based on the reviewed studies, several research hypotheses were formulated for qualitative testing. These were..."

Tags:Gender, economics, Third, World

Abstract
This paper analyzes and summarizes relevant peer-reviewed, scholarly, and reliable online literature to provide an overview of transgendered children in general and gender dysphoric children through puberty in particular. The paper asserts that gender is not an absolute or guaranteed condition in the human experience, and that even young children can experience some confusion concerning their perceptions of what gender they should be based on powerful family, cultural and social influences. This confused sense can result in subjective distress that is known as gender dysphoria, the paper explains; while most adolescents tend to grow out of their gender dysphoric state, some continue to experience this dichotomy between their anatomical and mental sense of their gender. The paper features an analysis of three studies, from the varying perspectives of essentialism, environmentalism, and constructivism, respectively. The paper concludes with an explanation concerning the rationale used by the respective researchers for selecting this theoretical basis, followed by a summary of the research and salient findings. An annotated reference page is also provided.

Review and Analysis
Transgendered Children
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
" While some transgendered youths experience verbal abuse and bullying, some are even subjected to outright physical torture and death as a result of their transgendered nature, with some high-profile cases including the 1993 murder of Brandon Teena (the account of which was made into the motion picture, "Boys Don't Cry"), and the murder of 17-year-old Gwen Araujo in 2002 who "was hogtied, strangled and then buried in a shallow grave by a group of teens. Araujo was killed after her attackers learned that she had been born a boy" (Adriano, p. 4). While transgendered children are therefore at risk of experiencing more violent encounters with their peers, many such children also experience rejection by their own family members. In this regard, Adriano quotes Ryan who emphasizes that, "Families reject their transgender children because of deeply held religious beliefs, cultural norms or pressure from other family members. Some forms of rejection, like physical violence, verbal humiliation or throwing your child out on the street, are obvious" (quoted in Adriano at p. 4)."

Tags:identity, sexuality, politics, youth

Abstract
This study examines the gender gap in negotiating positions in the workplace. The paper considers the problem by examining its history, by determining changes that have been made over time regarding the negotiation position of women and by reviewing and researching literature and theoretical perspectives offered by various academics and business persons on the issue. Additionally, the paper looks at trends that can be discerned, how they have been explained, and what trends for the future they might portend.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Context
The Negotiation Process
The Players
Changing the Game
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The role of women in society was conditioned over time by religious attitudes and by the conditions of life that prevailed through much of history. The culture of Europe and America was based for centuries on a patriarchal system in which exclusive ownership of the female by a given male was considered important, with the result that women were relegated to the role of property with no voice in their own fate. The girl-child was trained from birth to fit the role awaiting her, and as long as compensations were adequate, women were relatively content: "For example, if in return for being a man's property a woman receives economic security, a full emotional life centering around husband and children, and an opportunity to express her capacities in the management of her home, she has little cause for discontent.""

Tags:disadvantage, compared, male, workers, salary, advancement, signs, status, achievement, business, world

Abstract
This paper looks at challenges to women in the workplace that impede their success, the beliefs currently influencing workplace gendering and some concepts that need to be confronted. Next, the author relates the findings from the literature review using the case study methodology, a form of qualitative descriptive research. The paper concludes that, despite the years trying to alleviate and the many women in the workplace, gendering challenges continue to exist not only for women but also for men, and especially for families. The paper includes footnotes, several graphs and tables and appendix data.

Table of Contents:Introduction
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study Research Question and Sub questions
Research Design and Methodology
Organization of the Study
Chapter I: Introduction
Chapter II: Review of the Literature
Chapter III: Methodology Section, Discussion, and Analysis
Chapter IV: Conclusion
Literature Review
Gender Challenges
Viewpoints Regarding Genders
Intrasychic
Social Structural
Interpersonal
Concepts to Challenge in Gendering
Findings
Races in the Labor Force
Conclusion
Appendixes

From the Paper
"According to Wolf, a relationship exists between female liberation and female beauty. Wolf's research contends that a cultural backlash against feminism utilizes images of female beauty to keep women "in their place". As women have broken through legal and material hindrances, images of female beauty have simultaneously increased. While women began to breach the power structure, Wolf notes, eating disorders increased, demand for cosmetic surgery spiraled upwards, pornography became spotlighted in the media, and women's focus on losing weight became an obsession to some."

Tags:intrapsychic, glass ceiling, beauty myth, race, child care

Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal, using a psychosocial approach, to study factors influencing gender differences in the perception of pain. The paper relates some of the literature that focuses on psychological and social factors, which are two important dimensions influential to the perception of pain. The frame work for the study is the dualist theory of brain processing. The paper also includes a description of the proposed methodology and a table.

Table of Contents:
Introduction/Background of the Study
Research Objectives/Hypotheses
Research Question
Hypotheses
Review of Related Literature
Framework of the Study
Methodology
Research Design
Units of Analysis/Respondent Type
Methods
Diary Method
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Survey
Variables & Measures
Data Analysis
Relevance of the Study

From the Paper
"Perceived pain also has its social dimension, as it also helps in validating the pain perceived and reported by the individual. Medical practitioners and family members are considered to be the groups most relevant to the individual/patient, and because of the trust and closeness of the individual to these groups, they became the most reliable sources of reported perceived pain, as reflected in Babl's (2008) study on the measurement of pain and distress among children as perceived by the medical and nursing staff."

Tags:survey, holistic approach, coping strategies, diary method, focus group discussion

Abstract
This paper presents a literature review to study what factors contributed to the historical pattern in Canada of female teachers being subordinated to male teachers, who were advanced to the positions of administrative authority, and what factors may have contributed to the possible changes in this situation. Next, the author summarizes these studies that indicate that the professional development of women as teachers historically was stifled in Canada and in other countries because of socially constructed, patriarchal ideologies that put men into positions of power over women. The paper concludes that, as women were integrated into the workforce, the structure of the school system and the definition of the teaching profession also changed in Canada and throughout the world. Several quotations are included in the study.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to the Study
Research Questions
Methodology
Review of the Literature
Under Representation of Women (Feminization of the Profession of Teaching)
Professions of Women - Genteel Calling and Extension of Traditional Role
The History of Women Teachers is Little Recorded
Blame Placed on Teachers for Passive Acceptance of Hidden Curriculum
Two School Systems in Montreal
Outside Authority and School Structure
Academic Attainment of Teachers Becomes an Important Issue
The IODE and the Schools in Canada from 1900 to 1945
Report of a Survey/Questionnaire of Experiences of Women Teachers
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Prentice and Theobald (1991) entitled: "Women Who Taught: Perspectives on Women, History and Teaching" states that the phrase 'woman teacher' is one that "still have evocative power." Prentice and Theobald explains that just as other feminist scholars that as they "began to look for the history of women teachers "discovered that women who taught in the past had suffered the same fate as most women in history. The schoolmistress was largely absent from mainstream historical work on education. To the extent that traditional histories of schooling considered teachers at all, tended to focus on the quest for professionalism in the occupation and their concern was chiefly the male educator." Learned was that historical writing was itself perpetuating teacher stereotyping. According to Prentice and Theobald it was discovered by historians that "leading promoters of school reform accepted the doctrines idealizing the schoolmistress very reluctantly, and only when the numerical dominance of women teachers in the state elementary schools was already a reality."
"Stated as a second complexity was the "...tendency to equate rhetoric with experience." Specifically all too often women teachers were far too accepting of the idea which portrayed them as natural teachers of children and another view placed blame on teachers for the "watered-down, anti-intellectual schooling believed to be characteristic of the twentieth century on the image and reality of the nurturing 'motherteacher'." "

Tags:qualitative stereotyping devaluation motherteacher, academic achievements

Abstract
This paper attempts to identify the dramatic difference between men and women in their ability to negotiate. It looks at how child-rearing practices, the way we educate our daughters, and unspoken assumptions perpetuate inequalities. These inequalities are not only fundamentally unfair; they are inefficient and economically unsound. It also studies, through a literature review, the hypothesis that female college graduates entering the work force will accept lower starting salaries then male college graduates entering the work force.

From the Paper
"Women also have been known to work harder so they'll be given what they want without having to ask for it or negotiate. But, the authors specifically point out that if a woman would negotiate a better salary at the outset of her career, she could end up with a "gain of more than half a million dollars" (Babcock & Laschever, 2003, p. 5) by the conclusion of her career. Beyond that, women are also fighting the old battles of gender discrimination, the book reports; "our society still perpetuates rigid gender-based standards for behavior "standards that require women to behave modestly and unselfishly and to shun promoting their own personal agendas" (Babcock & Laschever, 2003, p.11)."

Tags:career, wage, graduates, salary, inequalities

Abstract
This review of literature starts from basic sociological studies and statistical analyses, such as those provided by Public Health Canada, Census Canada and the World Health Organization, and moves on to cross-cultural studies. Further literature under review includes work that aims to reconsider the stability of categories such as 'gender' or the 'elderly'. Ultimately, this particular literature review indicates the need to move in a direction of study which aims not only to reiterate the ever-changing status quo, but to understand the links and interrelationships that give rise to it.

From the Paper
"As a topic of interest to pursue in this literature review, and for the remainder of my research in this course, the relationship between gender and aging might seem deceptively straightforward. We all hold, consciously or not, a number of assumptions and stereotypes about gender and its relationship to aging, and about aging more generally. The vague impressions we take as fact are probably influenced and determined, to a great extent, by half-truths gleaned in part from solid research, but also too often from hearsay. As a specific starting point for my review of the relevant literature I was working from a general impression that, within an aging population, women are more likely than men to experience..."

Tags:sociology, gender, aging

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that Charlotte Bronte's 'Jane Eyre' and Jean Rhy's 'Wide Sargasso Sea' are both compelling novels with regard to issues of gender within the context of literature. The writer points out that for the most part the two works can be read as the telling of the same story, from two differing cultural perspectives and from the perspectives of two different women. The writer notes that one woman, Jane, embraces her station in life, as an Englishwoman of little means while the Creole Antoinette fears the dangers that threaten her life, as an outcast, not quite white colonial and not black like the servants and workers in her home, post colonial Jamaica. This paper concentrates on the study of gender as a main theme throughout both works.

From the Paper
"Antoinette's husband does not see the petty jealousy and how it has taken away the woman he remembers from his honeymoon and leaves it to her to show him this woman again, while Antoinette feels so betrayed that she introverts into herself, with stoic pride and in so doing seals her fate with her husband, who is not wise enough to offer the kind of kindness Rochester eventually offers Jane, once he has been blinded by the fire that Bertha set. Yet, it should be noted that Rochester only rights the wrongs he has done Jane when he has been stripped of all his worth and even his sight. It takes the monumental event of losing everything to bring him to right the wrongs of his past, again an expression of the lengths to which men must go in these works to fully understand their own actions and the needs of others."

Tags:women, Jane, Rochester, masculine