Abstract
This paper examines why it is important to give gender studies an international history. The paper considers that both men and women have been on the planet for the same amount of time and claims that each must have contributed to the success of the human race in order for the whole to have survived. The paper contends that by presenting the accounts of gender history from an international perspective, the overall accomplishments of women can be seen as an even more spectacular series of events than by isolating those undertakings to a region or isolated part of history which minimizes in the scope of the big picture.
Outline
Introduction
Thesis
Blacklisted Witches
Rulers
Twisted Tales
Oppression and Violence
International History Gender
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Access to scholars and information who maintained humankind's history has been maintained by gender, location, birth or luck and men seem to have had more luck than women. History is prejudice in the sense that it certainly helps to have been born a male first son in a secure family that knew how to read, write or cipher. Women have been literate of course because of tutors, a benevolent father, husband or brother willing to share the male knowledge base. And the religious factions did well to educate many nuns or women living in convents of Europe and mainly in England, France or Germany. "They further argue that in this pursuit, when cultural and gender rights come into conflict, much sensitivity and careful balancing is necessary." (Moller-Okin, Susan, 1999) The fact remains, a very helpful skill was scholarly pursuit but because those skills rarely put food on the table, they were not pursued by all and the majority of those who did pursue those skill sets were men. The majority of mankind prior to the twentieth century had little to no educational opportunities available to them. "

Tags:male, female, skills

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a discussion of the "women's movement" in American culture. The writer looks at the movement from its origins through the present, with a focus on the last half of the 20th century. This paper discusses the obstacles faced by women, the forces against them and among them that hindered them, the major gains they succeeded in achieving, and the nature of the contemporary "third wave" of feminism that is more global and diverse in nature than its U.S. predecessors.

From the Paper
"Ruth Rosen begins her chronology of the women's movement and its issues in 'The World Split Open How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America', by citing feminist poet Anne Sexton. While making references to the first wave of feminism suffrage Rosen's work focuses on the second and third waves of feminism. In so doing the author reveals a number of political and social forces from the F.B.I. to the media that impacted the women's movement ... '

Tags:Steinem, Freidan, sexuality, reproduction, abortion, suffrage, domestic, housewife, patriarchy, politics, economics, culture, color

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that "The Piano", written and directed by Jane Campion in 1993, tells the story of a mute woman's rebellion against traditions of male control in Victorian-era New Zealand. The writer discusses that through the use of symbolism, music, and images of nature, this film explores the objectification of women in the 19th century by men who had the power to control their fates, a value system from which ramifications can still be felt today. Victorian era concepts of femininity and masculinity, appropriate gender roles, and the limits of acceptable interactions between male and female are all explored in this film.

From the Paper
"The central figure is a woman named Ada who, though she has no physical handicap, refuses to speak. At age six, she withdrew from society and became mute by choice. Her one outlet of self-expression is to pour out her feelings on her piano, which she does so expressively that at times she hardly seems mute. Ada's lack of speaking voice reflects the suppression of women's minds and bodies in Victorian times, and her music is a reflection of her great need to break through the bonds laid upon her by society and truly express her thoughts.
"To add to Ada's non-conformity to the Victorian ideal of a chaste, virtuous woman, she has an illegitimate, 8-year-old daughter, Flora, whose parentage is never fully explained. Though it is not overtly suggested, the idea that perhaps Ada's father is the responsible party lingers. Rather than support his mute, unmarried daughter, Ada's father ships Ada, her precious piano, and Flora off to the wilds of New Zealand for an arranged marriage to Mr. Stewart, a European trying to establish a plantation. Here we see the Victorian view of women as disposable commodities that can be bought and sold as property."

Tags:Movie review, women studies, gender, sex, Victorian morality

Abstract
The paper discusses how the primary argument by Klein (2000) revolves around the more anonymous type of communication systems that allow greater sharing of data that is not based by gender or sex. The paper explains that in this capacity, the growing merger between women in middle management can then create more opportunities for women in upper management positions. However, the paper points out that Woodfield would disagree with this "internal process", if the institutional and socio-political male leadership-typically in the upper management of these institutions-do not encourage women to overcome gender stereotypes.

Tags:computing, race, gender

Abstract
This paper looks at the book, "In Pursuit of Equity" by Alice Kessler-Harris and examines the struggle of women through the 20th century to gain equality in the workplace and the reasons this has been so difficult. The paper analyzes social policies such as the Social Security System and taxation and points to gender bias in their construction.

From the Paper
In her book "In Pursuit of Equity" Kessler-Harris points out that men have always considered work as a measure of their manhood and that at the turn of the century many felt this sphere of their life being threatened by entrepreneurial opportunities and the changing workplace. This has led to gender bias against women in the workplace and in social policy in the United States which still exists today."

Tags:gender bias, equal opportunity

Abstract
The paper discusses Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper," and how it is about a woman who is "ill" but is not allowed to do what she pleases- not even write, for the most part. The paper notes that this is reflective of the politics of gender that Gilman explores in her ideology and essays. Then the paper goes into Gilman's "Women in Economics" and moves into a response to an article about adolescent suicidality.

From the Paper
""The Yellow Wallpaper," is about a woman who is "ill" but is not allowed to do what she pleases- not even write, for the most part- and is reflective of the politics of gender that Gilman explores in her ideology and essays. In "Women in Economics," Gilman states that "economic relation is combined with the sex-relation (Gilman, 5)." The protagonist of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is controlled by her husband, and she is passive about this situation. "You see, he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do? (Gilman, 187)." It seems as though the protagonists husband thinks of her more as a..."

Tags:sociology, feminism, theory

Abstract
The film "Boys Don't Cry" presents several themes, problems and questions that apply to and can also serve as examples for issues of women's and gender studies. The paper shows that it relates especially well to Judith Lorber's chapter of the book Feminist Frontiers, entitled "'Night to His Day': The Social Construction of Gender." The paper shows that both of these works, although certainly in very different ways and in different mediums, convey the message that gender as we know it today is simply a construction of society. Therefore, gender is not a simple classification created by nature or biology, but instead one that has evolved and been shaped to fit particular social needs.

From the Paper
"However, there are identifiable differences between this film and Judith Lorber's "'Night to His Day'": The Social Construction of Gender." It seems that Lorber both strives to emphasize, and maintains as a thematic backdrop for her chapter, the inferior and subordinate position of the female gender in comparison to the male gender. This is a topic that Boys Don't Cry only subtly touches upon. She states, "when gender is a major component of structured inequality, the devalued genders have less power, prestige, and economic rewards than the valued genders" (46). Men have historically taken the role of the oppressor and women the role of the oppressed, which is certainly not a natural condition but a product of enduring social structures."

Tags:genetics, homosexual, sexuality, transgender, transsexual

Abstract
This review of literature starts from basic sociological studies and statistical analyses, such as those provided by Public Health Canada, Census Canada and the World Health Organization, and moves on to cross-cultural studies. Further literature under review includes work that aims to reconsider the stability of categories such as 'gender' or the 'elderly'. Ultimately, this particular literature review indicates the need to move in a direction of study which aims not only to reiterate the ever-changing status quo, but to understand the links and interrelationships that give rise to it.

From the Paper
"As a topic of interest to pursue in this literature review, and for the remainder of my research in this course, the relationship between gender and aging might seem deceptively straightforward. We all hold, consciously or not, a number of assumptions and stereotypes about gender and its relationship to aging, and about aging more generally. The vague impressions we take as fact are probably influenced and determined, to a great extent, by half-truths gleaned in part from solid research, but also too often from hearsay. As a specific starting point for my review of the relevant literature I was working from a general impression that, within an aging population, women are more likely than men to experience..."

Tags:sociology, gender, aging

Abstract
This paper gives a legal and ethical analysis concerning the issue of gender discrimination at Price Waterhouse. Its focus is on the issue of a female employer who claims she was not made partner because of gender discrimination.

From the Paper
" Ann Hopkins has been informed by partners at Price Waterhouse that she is not likely to be recommended for or accepted as a partner in the firm despite years of generally positive evaluations and a career that garnered several major contracts for the company and seen the successful completion of numerous other projects led by Hopkins. Despite the fact that she was initially supported by two partners who recommended her for advancement, subsequent evaluations and assessments have..."

Tags:business, case study, gender discrimination

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of the gender gap that exists between girls and boys at the primary and secondary levels of education. This paper first discusses some of the root causes that influence the development of gender stereotypes and the gender gap in science and math. It then examines some of the effects of this gender gap also within an educational context.

From the Paper
"Consistently, studies have demonstrated that gender stereotypes can have an effect on the ability of girls to excel in either science or math. Cultural perceptions that assume that those subjects are the domain of boys and not girls can have a deleterious effect upon the ability of girls in a schooling setting to pursue and master either of these subjects that are considered to be so crucial. Science and math constitute two of the core academic subjects that are taught in school, especially at the primary and secondary level. Despite the basic importance of science and math to education at these levels, studies seem to indicate that the current educational situation actually accentuates the gender disparities that exist between girls and boys regarding learning in science and mathematics."

Tags:gender, gap, education