Abstract
As the title implies, this paper evaluates both the history of womens' involvement in sports and the recent developments. The author blames the media for the present imbalance citing many specific examples and causes. She examines sports on the High School level as well as the professional.

From the Paper
"I have decided to look into the issue of media coverage and the imaging of female athletes because it is an area of popular culture that I am not only interested in, but have become intensely aware of as a spectator of sports programming. I have also watched and noticed over the years that sports coverage of women is another means by which the media sexualizes women. Mass media, which has long been transmitting negative stereotypes of women, portrays female athletes with these same stereotypes on place."

Tags:media, sports, women, sexuality, athletics

Abstract
This paper emphasizes that, despite progress made for females following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its amendment in Title IX in 1972, professional sports women do not have the same pay and benefits as men competing at the same level in the same sport. Next, the author presents a literature review covering topics of inequality in sports media, pay for women head coaches, allocated scholarship funds, allocated professional sports prize money and overall opportunity. The paper concludes that the role of mass media is very important in bridging the inequality gaps by increasing female sports coverage.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Gender in Sports Media
Inequality in Pay for Women Head Coaches
Inequality in Allocated Scholarship Funds
Gender Equity in Overall Opportunity
Gender Inequity in Allocated Professional Sports Prize Money
Discussion

From the Paper
"Gender equity describes the fairness in distribution of athletic opportunities. These opportunities represent recognition of individual accomplishments as well as the benefits and resources available to those who achieve this status. In an effort to maintain a non-discriminative athletics program, ideally the athletes, coaches, and administrators should uphold these standards and refrain from barring someone from an opportunity based solely on gender. The concept is clear; the athlete (regardless of gender) would make a valuable contribution to said team with gender being a pre-requisite or contingency."

Tags:stereotypes, value, commercials, purse, salability

Abstract
This paper examines gender and class in the game of golf. It cites a number of examples of situations in which race, gender and class affect the game of golf.

From the Paper
"According to an essay published online by Answers.com, historically, the distinction between amateur and professional golfers had a lot to do with social class. In ...th and ...th century Britain, golf was played by the wealthy. Early golf professionals in England were often working class men who learned to play the game and made a living from the game in a variety of ways, including work as a caddy, a greens keeper or a club maker. When golf arrived in America..."

Tags:Race, gender, sports golf, bias, prejudice, men only, women only, Augustine national golf course, wealthy, poor, rich man's game, racial bias

Abstract
The paper addresses the issues of women in sports, the changing trends and the struggle involved in accomplishing the desired place in athletics. It describes how the field of sports since 1970's, has been the obtrusive battleground to fight for the equality of sex. he paper describes how women's participation in sports has increased dramatically since the passage of Title IX.

Table of Contents:
Gender Discrimination and Women Sports Participation
Role of Title IX in Women's Sports Participation
Increased Sports Opportunities for Women
Increase in Men's Support for Women Sports
Practical Implications to Increase Women Participation in Sports
Getting Results Through Increasing Awareness
Removal of Myths
Augmenting Press Coverage
Getting Authorities Intervene and Take Adequate Actions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Sports are another field where racial differences and gender biases are common. Women equality to play, to prove their abilities and to compete with men on the field is still a primary goal on the women rights association's agenda, those organizations working to ameliorate the contemporary conditions of the womenfolk. However gone are the days when women were willing to conform to the roles of a domestic wife, an obedient daughter and a dutiful sister. Women of today are not only well educated but they are also aware of their rights as human beings. With the signing of the Title IX, women became adamant in accomplishing equality of sex in the field of sports, apart from other disciplines."

Tags:equality, title, ix, rights, press, gender, discrimination

Abstract
The writer relates that as a Consultant to the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion, he is submitting this report, which examines the evidence indicating a significant gender imbalance at every level of Canadian athletics. The writer notes that although many sport programs need coaches, whether paid or volunteer, to train and coach athletes, there is substantial evidence pointing towards a significant gender imbalance among Canadian coaches. The writer analyzes the factors contributing to this gender imbalance, and concludes this report with recommendations regarding how gender inequity in coaching can be effectively addressed through the implementation of special programs which will provide equal access for women to coaching positions.

From the Paper
"As a Consultant to the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion, I am..."

Tags:gender, inequity, coaching

Abstract
This paper explores the normally male dominated field of sports and athletics and the lack of equality between the sexes in this area. The writer of this paper contends that in most instances, equality of opportunity between the genders is mandated by U.S. law. This paper examines the Equal Employment Opportunity Act which is the major legislation mandating equality in employment as well as Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments that mandates a move toward equality in college sports. This paper focuses on the career of jockey Julie Krone who was inducted into the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame in 2000. The writer discusses Krone's battle with prejudice in a male-dominated field, that had at one time gotten her so depressed she had contemplated suicide. This paper details the various laws and achievements of exceptional women have struggled to bring about true equality in the field of sports. This paper also contains the text of two published articles regarding women and sports, that were used in researching this paper.

Outline:
Sports Equality at the College Level
Equality in Sports Professions
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Krone made it in a man's sport and profession; it would be logical that other women would have followed in her footsteps. If one were to gauge the possibilities on the basis of a 1985 National Geographic production, The Ballad of the Irish Horse, one might think of equine sports and professions as the perfect place for women to break into a man's world. The father of a junior rider who competes in pony races, with betting and purses and all, said he didn't particularly like his teenaged daughter exposed to the dangers, but she loved it so much and was so good at it, he didn't have the heart to stop her. In the same production, there is also a women veterinarian at the Irish National Stud, breeder of many of the world's great race horses, and a segment on Lady Anne Hemphill, founder of Pony Club in Ireland, an organization to which many equine professionals once belonged."

Tags:women, gender, rights, equality, julie, krone, law

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that society is based on a gender binary system and that certain attributes are regarded as quintessentially masculine, and others as feminine. The writer maintains that deviation from this is not well tolerated by mainstream society, possibly because it threatens the patriarchal status quo. This essay discusses the challenges faced by female athletes due to the gender binary system.

From the Paper
Our society is rigidly structured on the basis of a gender binary system, which stipulates and prescribes that there must be two - and only two - genders, and moreover that these two genders are the opposites of one another. This system commonly posits the male as the norm, and the female as merely the "other," or simply the opposite of the norm. Within this system,

Tags:sports, women, society

Abstract
This paper looks at the many factors influencing female participation in sports, the benefits to women when they do participate in sports and the factors that discourage women from participating in athletic programs. The paper also examines Title IX's affect on women's participation in sports and looks at the latest trends in women's collegiate sports.

Introduction
Background
Title XI in Relation to Female Athletes in College Settings
Trends in Women's Collegiate Sports
Discouraging Factors
Encouraging Factors
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Researchers hypothesized that it is possible for a female athlete to be seen as both feminine and respected for her athletic roles because the issue of her femininity often is separated from the issue of her role as an athlete, thus allowing her to manage stereotypically incompatible identities without conflict (Royce, Gebelt and Duff, 2001). To investigate these hypotheses athletes and nonathletes at a NCAA university were questioned about these issues by both questionnaire and interview."

Tags:college, status, respect, approval, gender, role, conflict, masculine, aggressive

Abstract
The writer explores how female athletes have overcome many barriers and still have many more ahead of them. The writer discusses that by competing in professional sports, female athletes challenge beliefs, such as that sports are just for males. The writer suggests that perhaps due to the barriers that women encounter in this field, they should be encouraged to compete in professional sports. In this paper, the writer discusses how the female athletes are making a place for themselves in a traditional male dominated arena.

From the Paper
"Women in professional sports encounter many obstacles in their road to participation. They must overcome the lack of institutional support and advocacy, gender bias and discrimination, the idea that sports are for males and males only and images of femininity and sexuality. Yet, despite and perhaps because of these barriers, women should be encouraged to compete in professional sports. Already current research has re-evaluated some of these beliefs. For example, it has shown that physical differences, one of the primary objections to female participation in ... "

Tags:female athletes, women sports, gender bias

Abstract
The paper discusses how there are many stereotypes surrounding female professional athletes. The paper shows how women have made great strides into many professional and exhibition sports, but reveals that they are still largely absent from the big professional sports franchises. The paper further relates that women athletes rarely gain the same attention and notoriety that men athletes enjoy and are still treated unequally in the male-based and biased world of professional sports.

From the Paper
"Historically, sports have always been a part of life, even back to ancient times. The Greeks invented the Olympics before Christ was born, and even then, sports were male-dominated. Women were banned from competing in the Olympics, and when the modern Olympics made their appearance in 1896, women were again banned from the competitions. It was not until 1900 that women competed in the Olympics, and then they only competed in three events: tennis, croquet, and golf (Editors, 2008). Throughout the 20th century, women made great strides in sports. Professional soccer, basketball, and football leagues have sprung up for women, and women are some of the most well-known and respected tennis, track and field, and gymnastics stars in the world. Women dominate some sports, but they still do not receive the same pay and attention as professional male athletes, and this continues even today, when most people consider themselves open and even supportive of women's sports."

Tags:stereotypes, inequality, gender, Olympics, masculinity