Abstract The paper examines how, when people discuss gender relations, specifically gender discrimination in the Canadianworkplace, they usually conduct their discussion on the presumption that there are only two genders - male and female. The writer proposes that gender relations have become much more complex than this, and the paradigm of just two, opposite genders is increasingly being challenged. The paper analyses some of the repercussions of this aspect of gender relations in the Canadianworkplace. There is a rising tide of gender activists who are questioning the binary paradigms that pervade our thinking about gender relations, e.g. man OR woman, gay OR straight, etc.
Abstract In this article, the writer refers to papers that help to explain gendersegregation in the Canadianworkplace in the 20th century and subsequent developments including the Canadian Labor Movement's gradual attention to women and developments seeing women more often in unionized environments that lessened gender divisions. The writer notes that all of the articles are helpful to an understanding of topics broader than matters of labor and women for they allow glimpses of a Canadian society and culture quite transformed. The writer maintains that each paper should probably be read with consideration of all that the Canadian state did not provide to generic citizens or workers, imagining the orientations of workers, and employers, to what was acceptable or desirable, and possible, in a post-colonial economy of much alteration between the turn of the 20th century and the turn of the 21st century.
Outline:
Introduction
Graham S. Low on Clerical Work, 1901-1931
Craig Heron, Changes to 1945 and Beyond
Into the Present - a Reflection
From the Paper "Women were associated with family roles, first and foremost and as was true for another generation, those able to pursue professions usually did not marry. The under-reported women doctors graduated by several Ontario universities after the 1880s, for instance, chose their vocations ahead of family life, a convention then respected. Low's clerical workers of the business sector did not expect or particularly want advancement, but learnable jobs providing income and some security so as to maintain their household roles, too."
"By the end of World War I, women attended business colleges where they learned stenography. Low's article is of a kind focused on women's labour in relation to capitalism, of course, so unless a reader is curious, there can be no wider awareness of women who were performing differently in the public sphere, not the least of which were more than 4,000 Canadian military nurses serving on the Western Front and in the Middle East through the course of World War II. Of course, Low's point is to indicate how women became expected as office workers of particular kind, low paid and without advancement. Their situations were common but by no means general from 1901 to 1931."
Abstract This paper examines what if any progress has been made in past several decades in regards to women's rights and equality in the workplace. The writer of this paper contends that if there is ever going to be equality between the sexes in the workplace, male employment in female-dominated jobs must increase, female employment in male-dominated jobs must increase and both sexes must be paid the same for performing the same job functions. This paper describes the existing discrimination which impedes women's progress. The writer also discusses the feminist movement which has always called into question traditional notions of a woman's proper place and encouraged women to redefine their roles and seek fair pay for their work. This paper also examines various studies which prove women in various occupations are usually disadvantaged in hiring and promotions and that they encounter a "glass ceiling" while their male counterparts encounter the "glass escalator."
From the Paper "What impedes women's progress, according to numerous studies, is the subtle discrimination that limits women's opportunities. It may be the stereotype of women as mothers that leads an executive to assume that a working mother would not want to advance her career. It might also be the fact that women are seen in sexual terms and their competence is overlooked in the eyes of the decision makers, who are often men. Dominant middle-class ideology dictates that the so-called "true woman" is the woman at home who supposedly does not work. Regardless of this old-fashioned idea, a substantial number of early factory workers were women. In the New England textile mills, for instance, most of the labor force was female by 1850."
Abstract This paper will analyze the topic of the inequality and inequity among genders in the Canadian labor force. In particular, this paper will present a critical overview and discussion of an article by Catherine Fillmore titled: "Gender Differences in Earnings: a Re-analysis and Prognoses for Canadian Women". The focus of this analysis will be directed toward presenting both the author's assessment of the census data collected in her study and more importantly, addressing both the 'causes' of inequality identified by the author. A broadening of the context and framework will be presented for discussion of inequality, focusing on secondary sources for the purposes of measuring the 'casual' arguments presented by Fillmore, as well as addressing the ways in which this social problem can be rectified and improved.
Abstract Canada's large metropolitan areas, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, are increasingly defined by the ethnic and racial heterogeneity of their populations. As a result of increased immigration in the post-World War II period, the number of peoples with backgrounds other than English and French has swelled the population of the country. In many respects the experience of Canadian cities in this regard mirrors that of North American cities in general. It is in this context that this essay examines the phenomenon of ethnic and racial segregation in Canadian cities.
Abstract This paper discusses how women are discriminated against in the Canadian workforce. This paper also addresses the responsibility of the educational system in this matter.
Abstract This essay serves to examine the wage inequalities between men and women in the modern day workforce. It references two specific examples of gender discrimination; Ann Hopkins? suit against Price Waterhouse in 1982 and Muriel Kraszewski's suit against State Farm. The author also explains in detail the ramifications of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which attempts to protect the rights of women who work in the same jobs as men.
From the Paper "In order to fully gain equal employment and fairness, traditionally male positions must be opened to females. This is the only way to shatter the glass walls and ceilings that are so prevalent in today's society. Many women have fought discrimination and improved their own lives and the lives of countless other women over the span of several generations. The first step in creating equality in the workplace is to inform women of their rights. The next step is for these women to exercise their rights. Women can no longer allow themselves to be excluded from the workforce. Individuals concerned about equality should press for the continuation and strengthening of better paying jobs for women, and this support must not come from women alone. In order for our society to foster this change, we must understand why these changes are necessary. Society requires that men and women work together and this is not likely to change. What must change is the way that we work together. "
Abstract This paper examines housing and how it is affected by ethnic and gendersegregation. Housing is a basic human need. However, access to housing is controlled and limited by many factors. This paper also examines various manifestations of segregation.
Abstract This paper explains that gendersegregated schooling for has long been seen as an alternative' option for standard schooling or for families with special religious concerns. The author points out that the benefits to girls of gendersegregated schooling are not as great as they are sometimes thought to be. The paper relates that, though girls may feel more comfortable in this environment, their marks generally do not improve and they might suffer from fewer programs being offered.
From the Paper "At one time the norm, gender segregated schooling has long been seen as an 'alternative' option for those seeking something different from the standard schooling, or for families with special religious concerns with regard to the schooling of their daughters. In recent years, however, gender segregated schooling has been hailed as a solution to many of the drawbacks of standard, coeducational public schooling - particularly for girls. It is felt that girls can concentrate better in an all-girls setting, away from social distractions and gender stereotyping. Furthermore, there are some studies that suggest that girls contributions are sometimes overlooked in a coeducational classroom, and can better come to the forefront in a girls only setting."
An analysis of sexual harassment policies in the workplace and how they compare to the Anti Harassment Policies as published by the Canadian Human Right Commission.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, 2005, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper discusses the published sexual harassment policies of four federally regulated Canadian organizations. It compares these policies to the Anti Harassment Policies as published by the Canadian Human Right Commission that govern federally regulated workplaces, to determine how closely they follow or diverge from the commission's stated national policies.
From the Paper "Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Policy and Research Sexual Harassment in the workplace is defined as unwanted behaviour that demeans, humiliates, or embarrasses; unwanted sexual behaviour; and abuse of authority according to the Canadian Human Rights Commission's publication "Anti-Harassment Policies For The Workplace: An Employer's Guide. (2005)" This definition is a starting point for a complex workplace stressor. To illustrate this stressor, the published sexual harassment policies of four federally regulated Canadian organizations will be discussed. These policies will be compared to the "Anti Harassment Policies" as published by the Canadian Human Right Commission that govern federally regulated workplaces, to determine how closely they follow or diverge from the commission's stated national policies."
Abstract This paper examines how, as more and more women enter the workforce and play more important roles, the workplace diversifies, which in turn, influences human behaviors. It looks at how gender difference in managerial communication attracts attention from scholars and professionals and how continuous research has been done on gender differences and was trichotomized according to the emphasis it is given: gender disparity; technical communication; and managerial communication.
Outline
Introduction
Research Background
Gender Disparity at Work ? the Most Salient, Notorious and Stubborn Difference
Gender Difference in Technical Communication
Gender Difference in Managerial Communication
Real-World Significant Gender Differences and According Recommendations
Overrater vs. Underrater ? 360-Degree Feedback to be Included for Performance Appraisal
Rapport Talk vs. Report Talk
Interruptions
Gender Stereotypes ? Perception and Evaluation
Nonverbal Communications
Expansion and Conclusion
Reference
From the Paper "Research about gender difference and feminism in technical communication can be traced back to 1989 when Mary Lay published her well reviewed article ? Interpersonal Conflict in Collaborative Writing: What We Can Learn from Gender Studies.? Since this was the first attempt in this field, she based her research on many other disciplines including social psychology, philosophy, linguistics, composition and rhetoric and managerial communication, etc. Since then research in gender difference in technical communication has gained momentum. Loads of articles were published."
Abstract This paper addresses common communication issues between men and women in workplace situations. It discusses what conflicts can arise, what traditional "male" and "female" communication styles are, and how they can be harmonized in corporate situations.
Tags:GENDER AND SEXUALITY / GENDER STUDIES IN LITERATURE, ARTS, gender communication workplace
Abstract This paper examines the issue of racism in Canada. The paper points out that, contrary to popular belief, minorities in Canada do suffer from racism; this is most notable in the workplace. The paper argues that the problem of racism in Canada is deeper than meets the eye and that the Aboriginal peoples experience the greatest amount of racism. Three separate studies on racism in the workplace and the results of these studies are summarized and analyzed. The paper concludes by noting that all three studies indicate that racism is more often directed toward minorities of color than other minorities.
From the Paper "Since it is regarded, in Canada's very polite social mores, to talk much about money, it is not surprising that few know that ?Foreign-born visible minorities earned, on average, 78 cents for every dollar earned by a foreign-born white Canadian.? (CRR Web site, 2001) The nation is so polite, in fact, that only 7 percent of respondents to a recent questionnaire for a Statistics Canada survey reported experiencing discrimination or unfair treatment ?because of their ethno-cultural characteristics in the past five years.? (Keung, 2003) Among visible minority groups, however, 20 percent of those 15 and older said they had been victims of racism, an the more visible the group, the more likely they were to report instances of racism, with nearly one-third of blacks, 21 percent of South Asians, and 18 percent of Chinese reporting racial incidents."
Abstract This paper relates the history of women's role in the workplace. The author points out the attributes of gender bias and discrimination. The paper delineates changes in the 20th Century.
From the Paper "This research examines the phenomenon of gender bias in Western society, which can be identified as having both a long history in real-world experience and a long history as a subject for philosophical and moral discourse. The research will set forth attributes ..."
Abstract This paper addresses gender discrimination in the Canadian labour force. The paper makes the argument that there is a wage gap between men and women in Canada. The paper discusses theories as to why this wage gap may exist and if this is likely to change in the future.
From the Paper "Gender Discrimination in the Canadian Labour Force Gender discrimination continues to be a problem in the Canadian workforce. Women in particular are still experiencing a wage gap in the labour force. According to Lois Moorcroft in Newfoundland Women Want Pay Equity Too, "...Full-time working women still earn only 72.5 per cent of men's salaries" (Moorcroft 2005: 6). A great deal of time and effort is being spent in order to try and rectify this situation. For example, In the 1950s, the federal government and seven of the ten provinces enacted legislation enabling 'equal pay for equal work (England and Gad 2002: 283)."
