Abstract
In this article, the writer refers to papers that help to explain gender segregation in the Canadian workplace in the 20th century and subsequent developments including the Canadian Labor Movement's gradual attention to women and developments seeing women more often in unionized environments that lessened gender divisions. The writer notes that all of the articles are helpful to an understanding of topics broader than matters of labor and women for they allow glimpses of a Canadian society and culture quite transformed. The writer maintains that each paper should probably be read with consideration of all that the Canadian state did not provide to generic citizens or workers, imagining the orientations of workers, and employers, to what was acceptable or desirable, and possible, in a post-colonial economy of much alteration between the turn of the 20th century and the turn of the 21st century.

Outline:
Introduction
Graham S. Low on Clerical Work, 1901-1931
Craig Heron, Changes to 1945 and Beyond
Into the Present - a Reflection

From the Paper
"Women were associated with family roles, first and foremost and as was true for another generation, those able to pursue professions usually did not marry. The under-reported women doctors graduated by several Ontario universities after the 1880s, for instance, chose their vocations ahead of family life, a convention then respected. Low's clerical workers of the business sector did not expect or particularly want advancement, but learnable jobs providing income and some security so as to maintain their household roles, too."
"By the end of World War I, women attended business colleges where they learned stenography. Low's article is of a kind focused on women's labour in relation to capitalism, of course, so unless a reader is curious, there can be no wider awareness of women who were performing differently in the public sphere, not the least of which were more than 4,000 Canadian military nurses serving on the Western Front and in the Middle East through the course of World War II. Of course, Low's point is to indicate how women became expected as office workers of particular kind, low paid and without advancement. Their situations were common but by no means general from 1901 to 1931."

Tags:workers, clerical, instability, pay

Abstract
This paper explains that, on the American continent, the NAFTA agreement between Canada, Mexico and the U.S.A. has been responsible largely for the liberalization of economies, privatization and deregulation, which have all impacted the workforce, particularly women. The author points out that globalization has brought about an unequal structure of the global economy in which corporations are creating labor segregation, paying the most minimum wages possible and providing the least amount of labor regulations, all of which cause social and economic marginalization of women. The paper relates that various trade agreements push countries to privatize public resources causing a shift away from welfare and social programs such as social insurance, health care, child-care and childcare subsidy. The author stresses that the new jobs created for the sole profit of the employers are usually lower-paid, part-time or contract flexible work having no benefits.

From the Paper
"One example of such harassment and discrimination is cited by Quintero-Ramirez, (2002). She describes how managers are often able to request a medical examination to show that a job applicant is not pregnant. Because of deregulation, the working conditions in these factories are often unsanitary and even dangerous, and inadequate or non-existing healthcare often exasperated the health impacts suffered by these women workers. These women work for minimum wages while foreign countries reap most of the benefits. The maquiladora sector is of particular importance because it has grown 89% in the period between 1995 and 2000 . The managers of these manufacturing plants often prefer to hire women because of the patriarchal beliefs that women are more docile and better suited for boring repetitive jobs. "

Tags:deregulation, maquiladora, harassment, home-based, neo-liberalism

Abstract
The paper discusses work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) that are the major cause of disability in the workplace in N. America. The paper then looks at gender segregation of the working population that leads to gender differences with regards to exposures to hazards and health outcomes. The paper also examines why youths are more susceptible to occupational injuries or illness in Canada and then explores various measures that have been taken for dealing with gender issues in occupational settings. In addition, the paper looks at the integration of the gender perception in occupational safety and health and refers to Ontario's government initiative of protection to farm workers as an example.

Outline:
Workplace and Employee Health
Gender Issues in Occupational Health & Safety
Toll of Workplace on the Health of Canadian Workers in Ontario
Development and Achievement in Addressing Gender Issues
Integrating the Gender Perception in the Sphere of Occupation Safety and Health
Government Initiative of Protection to Farm Workers: An Example

From the Paper
"There is a widespread relationship between work and our health which is seemingly not perceptible to many. The duties we perform the settings in which we work and the different aspects of the labor market experience, and health services delivery, have major impacts on the work and health relationship of individuals. This is a crucial issue as work constitutes a major portion of our lives. The majority among us will devote almost 40 years or more in individual work atmospheres for five days a week, eight hours daily which translates to nearly a third of our lives spent on the job."

Tags:injury, fatality, women, youth

Abstract
This paper discusses how women are discriminated against in the Canadian workforce. This paper also addresses the responsibility of the educational system in this matter.

Abstract
Canada's large metropolitan areas, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, are increasingly defined by the ethnic and racial heterogeneity of their populations. As a result of increased immigration in the post-World War II period, the number of peoples with backgrounds other than English and French has swelled the population of the country. In many respects the experience of Canadian cities in this regard mirrors that of North American cities in general. It is in this context that this essay examines the phenomenon of ethnic and racial segregation in Canadian cities.

Tags:ethnic, race, segregation

Abstract
This paper addresses gender discrimination in the Canadian labour force. The paper makes the argument that there is a wage gap between men and women in Canada. The paper discusses theories as to why this wage gap may exist and if this is likely to change in the future.

From the Paper
"Gender Discrimination in the Canadian Labour Force Gender discrimination continues to be a problem in the Canadian workforce. Women in particular are still experiencing a wage gap in the labour force. According to Lois Moorcroft in Newfoundland Women Want Pay Equity Too, "...Full-time working women still earn only 72.5 per cent of men's salaries" (Moorcroft 2005: 6). A great deal of time and effort is being spent in order to try and rectify this situation. For example, In the 1950s, the federal government and seven of the ten provinces enacted legislation enabling `equal pay for equal work (England and Gad 2002: 283)."

Tags:gender, discrimination, labour

Abstract
The paper examines gender pay discrimination in the workplace specifically in relation to the concepts of treatment discrimination and comparable worth policy. The paper shows how these two factors have resulted in women traditionally receiving less pay for the same work as men, but concludes that women have made inroads in reducing the gender pay gap.

Outline:
Introduction
Gender Pay Discrimination
Comparable Worth in Gender Pay Gaps
Treatment of Women in Gender Pay Gap
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of the AAUW entitled: "Behind the Pay Gap" in a press release states that new research released by the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation indicates that in the first year following college "women working full time already earn less than their male colleagues, even when they work in the same field." (AAUW, 2007) The AAUW Educational Foundation reports that women, after one year of college early eighty percent of what their male counterparts earn. Ten years following college graduation "women fall further behind, early only 69 percent of what men earn." (AAUW, 2007) This is even after having controlled for hours, occupation, parenthood, and other factors which may affect earnings. The gender pay gap "remains unexplained and is likely due to sex discrimination." (AAUW, 2007)"

Tags:comparable, worth, human, capital, women, men, labor, market

Abstract
This paper explains that gender and sexual inequality in the workplace is a very important aspect of modern American sociology today and asks why this situation exists today. The paper then presents a literature review and a list of various positions in a fictitious banking institution to show these disparities related to sex. The author concludes that the main culprit is the patriarchal system, which has been in existence in the United States since its earliest days.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion of Findings
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another area of concern is politics, especially as it relates to the status of women in the world of employment. For many years, beginning roughly with the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which mandated "equal pay for men and women doing the same work," employers have utilized special rules regarding appropriate positions and pay for women, such as "formal and informal restrictions on positions, separate male and female sections in help wanted ads, differential pay scales for men and women in the same job (and) pay scales set in accordance with the gender composition of jobs." "

Tags:patriarchal, glass ceiling, normative shifts, politics authority

Abstract
The paper discusses how gender discrimination and race discrimination still affect the work environment in Canadian organizations. The paper describes how today's workplace is becoming increasingly diverse; phenomena such as globalization, large-scale immigration, rising numbers of women in the workplace, and the increasing visibility of previously hidden minorities such as gays, lesbians and transsexuals, are all contributing to great and increasing diversity in the workplace. Yet, the paper argues that the leaders of most Canadian corporations still look exactly like the political leaders of Canada - Caucasian, grey-haired, heterosexual, average-weight, tall, suit-wearing, able-bodied, married, English-speaking men. The paper asserts that the fact that the ever-increasing diversity is so under-represented in positions of power reflects the powerful biases that exist in organizational cultures and serve to bar the rise of minorities of all kinds. This paper discusses discrimination in the workplace, and also its causes, as well as the consequences for Canadian business. The paper also makes suggestions as to how management can address these issues.

From the Paper
"Gender discrimination and race discrimination still affect the work environment in Canadian organizations. Today's workplace is becoming increasingly diverse. Phenomena such as globalization, large-scale immigration, rising numbers of women in the workplace, and the increasing..."

Tags:business, gender, race

Abstract
This paper examines what if any progress has been made in past several decades in regards to women's rights and equality in the workplace. The writer of this paper contends that if there is ever going to be equality between the sexes in the workplace, male employment in female-dominated jobs must increase, female employment in male-dominated jobs must increase and both sexes must be paid the same for performing the same job functions. This paper describes the existing discrimination which impedes women's progress. The writer also discusses the feminist movement which has always called into question traditional notions of a woman's proper place and encouraged women to redefine their roles and seek fair pay for their work. This paper also examines various studies which prove women in various occupations are usually disadvantaged in hiring and promotions and that they encounter a "glass ceiling" while their male counterparts encounter the "glass escalator."

From the Paper
"What impedes women's progress, according to numerous studies, is the subtle discrimination that limits women's opportunities. It may be the stereotype of women as mothers that leads an executive to assume that a working mother would not want to advance her career. It might also be the fact that women are seen in sexual terms and their competence is overlooked in the eyes of the decision makers, who are often men. Dominant middle-class ideology dictates that the so-called "true woman" is the woman at home who supposedly does not work. Regardless of this old-fashioned idea, a substantial number of early factory workers were women. In the New England textile mills, for instance, most of the labor force was female by 1850."

Tags:women, rights, feminism, labor, employment, gender, equality