Abstract
Artistic representations, depending on how they are read, often reveal through their texts ideas about sexuality and/or gender. Discussed here are three works, all of which can be read through the lenses of various topics. Allie Eagle's "This Woman Died: I Care" (died trying to abort herself) involves the politics of protest, Carole Shepherd has worked against specific traditions with her photo-collage, "John", and George Elgar Hick's "Woman's Mission: Companion of Manhood" deals closely with gender identity.

From the Paper
"Protest instantly becomes political within the context of an image, due to the viewer's prior preconceptions regarding the issue under scrutiny. Opinions are challenged, and important questions consequently raised. "This Woman died: I care (died trying to abort herself)", by Allie Eagle (New Zealander) in1978, is an image from which a clear form of political protest can be easily identified. The image can be read in a way that distinctly illustrates an objection against the (suggested) violence forced upon women by society's codes of behavior. It can also be read as a reaction to the question of the legality of abortion, which at the time was under review in New Zealand. In itself the title influences the viewer's interpretation of the image, whilst its visual features serve to demonstrate Eagle's lamentation."

Tags:allie, art, carol, eagle, elgar, feminist, gender, hicks, shepherd

Abstract
This paper discusses the connection between gender and linguistic politeness. The paper quotes many research studies on the topic and presents the various conclusions drawn. The paper contends that the extensive body of research reveals one consistent finding that women use more polite language than men.

From the Paper
"Gender and its connection with linguistic behavior has been a major subject of debate and discussion in research circles for last many decades. How men and women differ in the speech is an interesting topic that has been shown to have direct correlation with societal influences and conditioning. Women are conditioned to behave in a submissive manner and research indicates that it is because of this factor than biological construction that is responsible for women being more polite than men. A large body of research on the subject reveals that women generally use more polite language than men because they are expected to behave in a submissive, timid and less aggressive manner. Pierre Bourdieu (1977, p. 662) argued, "Politeness contains a politics, a practical and immediate recognition of social classifications and hierarchies.""

Tags:linguistic, communication, women

Abstract
This paper covers questions on topics such as third-wave feminism, the shaping of gender roles through participation in patriarchal families, the feminist issue of aging and the beauty myth, the social construction of gender through language, and the social construction of gender through education.

From the Paper
"The term "third wave feminism" refers to the feminists in the here and now. The third wave is current feminist practice, which builds and expands upon the "second wave mantra" that states "the personal is political" (Mitchell & Karaian, 2005, p. 59). According to Mitchell and Karaian (2005) third wave feminists are characterised by their tendency to "defy labels, embrace contradictions, and call for complexity, [appearing] eclectic, fragmented, and even trite" (p. 59). Third wave feminists distance themselves from earlier feminist waves, while acknowledging the changes that those previous activists had made (Mitchell & Karaian, 2005)..."

Tags:women, feminism, gender

Abstract
The writer examines in personal details her views and opinions on gender and communication. The writer explores family relationships as well as the marked differences in intimate communications between friends and family members and the ins and outs of communicating via the internet. The writer of this paper finds that in researching this particular topic, nearly all gender communications bibliographic information was found to be issue specific, resulting in the writer using her own personal experiences as a main source of reference.
Topics covered in this paper include:
Introduction and Thesis
Communications Within the Family Background and Family Structure
Areas of Communications Between Genders
The Mechanics of Intimate Gender Communications
Intimate Communications and Friendship
The Internet Trap
Conclusions on Intimate Communication
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Another area where both genders get into difficulties on the Internet using the World Wide Web are in the "romance or love or lifestyles" sections of many of the major search engines. Here they can categorize themselves as to whatever it is they are looking for and through instant messaging, e-mail or chat-rooms can actually converse with a party on the other end ostensibly searching for the same as you. Be very wary of what information one gives if the urge is overwhelming to use this form of communication for intimacy.
There have been rapes; murders, serial killings and stalking of every manner one can imagine connected with these areas."

Tags:relationship, personal, communication, family

Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the cultural phenomenon of equality has led America to fall under a sublime spell of believing that despite obvious differences, men and women are the same. The paper discusses the cultural influences that seep into the everyday lives of the average American leave conflicting notions on the mind about gender and its roles.

Outline:
Gender Culture
Women are from Venus
Men are from Mars
Gender Roles
Independence vs. Connection
Competition vs. Cooperation
Internal vs. External
Larger vs. Smaller
Communication: Language of Gender
Speaking Masculine
Speaking Feminine
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Male culture tends to be removed from emotion and more reserved to reason. Pragmatism, function over form, is a big part of the co-culture in contrast to irrational emotions. Being overly emotional for a boy can lead to being called names like girly or sissy. To be compared to a woman demeans a man's masculinity and status. Emotion is in opposition to logic and reason, and directly associated with the female. To combat loosing status by being unmanly, men are more detached than women from their emotions. They react to larger passions like anger and love, which are considered appropriate to react to, and not the brief fleeting feelings of everyday aspects of life. Such emotions are considered trivial, and would distract from getting things done. Not only do emotions hamper progress, but they make a man look weak, demeaning his authority and status."

Tags:culture, communication, Biological, androgynous, co-exist, nature, or, nurture

Abstract
This essay attempts to present all new insight into the topic of gender concerns in regard to the Latin American nation of Mexico's economic development. The report is written as if the author is the Minister of Gender Affairs for Mexico and the new president, who is a woman, ran on a platform that promised gender equality in all new and existing policies within her administration. In this paper, the author, as the Minister of Gender Affairs, must develop a new national plan that both addresses and ends the rampant discrimination against females in Mexico and, in turn, creates new ,generous gender equality policies. The essay addresses issues such as family Legislation, Labor Market Legislation, Trade Policies, Educational Policies, and Agrarian Legislation.

From the Paper
"As the world continues to become a smaller place through the use of new technologies like the Internet and the business community continues to face the intrinsic challenges caused by the highly competitive global economy, Mexico's labor markets continue to tighten. As the Minister of Gender Affairs for Mexico, I will address the twenty-first century concerns with the Minister of Labor by having our industries hire more women than at any other point in our nation's history. Once hired, these female workers will discover that the policies that we will institute will remove the existing discriminatory barriers blocking their career paths through obvious glass ceilings. Basically, the existing policies that promote gender discrimination in the work place mean that far too often our qualified females are stopped from moving into positions of leadership within their organization."

Tags:female, workshop, promotions, leadership, male, machismo, oriented, legislation

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the issue of gender roles. According to the paper, gender roles are defined as the ways that society expects men and women to act, based upon what society and long standing tradition says is appropriate for men and women. The paper further discusses how these roles have been open to interpretation in recent generations due to a better understanding of gender roles and the realization that each person is unique and, as such, may behave in a unique way in terms of what his/her gender expression might be. The paper also explores various dimensions of the terms and expectations of gender definition in an effort to better understand the topic itself.

Outline:
Abstract
Socially Defined Terms-Masculinity and Femininity
Male Gender Roles- Followed and Violated
Female Gender Roles-Followed and Violated
The End of a War and the Beginning of a Battle
Summary

From the Paper
"When the war concluded and the men returned home, and to their regular jobs, it is true that many women returned to their home maker roles and left the working world behind. For a spirited few, however, the taste of an identity and ability to contribute by working outside of the home was not something that they could simply forget. Rather, many of these women stayed in the workforce, and it is likely that their husbands became the ones staying home. Undoubtedly, this was the case in the households where men returned from World War II too sick or injured to be able to work. Whatever the reason, the gender-shattering working woman was in force and here to stay."

Tags:judgmental, society, violate, freedom, male, female, working, woman, workforce

Abstract
In this article, the writer refers to papers that help to explain gender segregation in the Canadian workplace in the 20th century and subsequent developments including the Canadian Labor Movement's gradual attention to women and developments seeing women more often in unionized environments that lessened gender divisions. The writer notes that all of the articles are helpful to an understanding of topics broader than matters of labor and women for they allow glimpses of a Canadian society and culture quite transformed. The writer maintains that each paper should probably be read with consideration of all that the Canadian state did not provide to generic citizens or workers, imagining the orientations of workers, and employers, to what was acceptable or desirable, and possible, in a post-colonial economy of much alteration between the turn of the 20th century and the turn of the 21st century.

Outline:
Introduction
Graham S. Low on Clerical Work, 1901-1931
Craig Heron, Changes to 1945 and Beyond
Into the Present - a Reflection

From the Paper
"Women were associated with family roles, first and foremost and as was true for another generation, those able to pursue professions usually did not marry. The under-reported women doctors graduated by several Ontario universities after the 1880s, for instance, chose their vocations ahead of family life, a convention then respected. Low's clerical workers of the business sector did not expect or particularly want advancement, but learnable jobs providing income and some security so as to maintain their household roles, too."
"By the end of World War I, women attended business colleges where they learned stenography. Low's article is of a kind focused on women's labour in relation to capitalism, of course, so unless a reader is curious, there can be no wider awareness of women who were performing differently in the public sphere, not the least of which were more than 4,000 Canadian military nurses serving on the Western Front and in the Middle East through the course of World War II. Of course, Low's point is to indicate how women became expected as office workers of particular kind, low paid and without advancement. Their situations were common but by no means general from 1901 to 1931."

Tags:workers, clerical, instability, pay

Abstract
This paper examines various opinions regarding the topic of gay and lesbian parenting. It illustrates clearly that gays and lesbian parents are mentally and emotionally stable enough to provide their children with love, support and attention that they require for success in all areas of life. The commons myths are addressed in this paper and are dispelled as being groundless in fact. This paper also discusses several court rulings concerning this issue.

From the Paper
"The Courts in the United States have tried repeatedly to provide children with a family setting which is recognized by American Family Law. Even the societal changes, which are currently taking place in family structures, the society itself and the legal system of our country have failed to see beyond the myths and misconceptions associated with alternative family structure. Millions of gays and lesbians are now trying to become parents through adoption, insemination and surrogate procedures. No matter which method is finally chosen, it has been repeatedly proven by researchers and pediatric professionals that gay couples are absolutely capable of providing love, support and moral values required for healthy mental and emotional development of children. "

Tags:prejudice, society, family, stability, sexual, emotional, gender

Abstract
This paper examines how women have been traditionally excluded from models of economic development and how their roles were always secondary, as a means of facilitating men's contributions to the economy. It discusses how, as many economies began to industrialize, many theorists began to explore the link between development and women's issues. It reviews four different approaches, Women in Development (WID), that hold that poverty and oppression were caused by the lack of access of marginalized groups in the economy, Women and Development (WAD), which believes that women were always part of the economy, Gender and Development (GAD), which believes that the goal should be to recruit both men and women as full participants in decision-making and The Women, Environment and Development (WED) approach that looks at the link between the oppression of women and the degradation of the environment. These different approaches are outlined and reviewed as well as compared and contrasted. The paper also discusses the topics of structural adjustment programs and women and gender relations in the household.

From the Paper
"For the most part, the division of labor in the household has remained constant. Women traditionally worked in the domestic sphere. Married women continue to perform all or most of the household tasks, even when they are working. The reasons for this continued division appear to be cultural. For example, even men who help out in the home may still be reluctant to help in tasks that have been labeled as feminine or non-masculine, such as laundry and cooking."

Tags:household, gender, relationships, feminism, structural, adjustment, programs