Abstract
The paper presents research that shows how there is a definite gender, education and income disparity in Canada that is deteriorating. The paper points out that these inequalities are more persistent in rural Canada and among non-white women and immigrants.

From the Paper
"Even though the educational disparity between women and men has almost disappeared, there is still an income gap between the two, with women earning up to 50 to 84 percent as much as men. The research for this paper confirms this finding. When the research looks at non-white women, women who are immigrants, and women who reside in more rural areas, particularly Alberta, the education/income distances grow wider."

Tags:poverty, earnings, employment, immigrants

Abstract
This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates

From the Paper
"A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."

Tags:gnp, standard, causal, repercussions, structural

Abstract
This paper first hypothesizes that although women in the highest educational categories do suffer from the largest wage gap, that gap is steadily decreasing along with average monetary earnings increasing. The paper relates that it was found through regression analysis that the average monetary income of women with a college education is increasing. However, the paper also reveals that findings showed that the decreasing gap is not at the speed previously thought, and actually is in fact declining at a lower rate than women without college educations. The paper notes another disturbing finding from this study; the continuous decline in average monetary wages of those women without college educations.

Tags:economics, gender, education

Abstract
The paper reveals that even women with a higher education or in traditional male-oriented jobs often make less than their male counterparts. The paper discusses how many women work part-time jobs that regularly pay less that full-time jobs, with the higher paying industries dominated by males. The paper also relates that women have a lower retirement income after they stop working. The paper shows how women earn less then men in almost every job, and contends that until pay rates balance, women will never be equal in American society.

From the Paper
"Since the 1970s, the number of women workers have consistently grown in the United States. In fact, today working women are quite common, and it is more uncommon for a wife and mother not to work outside the home than it is for a family to require dual incomes. Three authors note, "The US has become increasingly a work-focused society, with Americans caught in a cycle of working and spending. In fact, rising consumption and debt pressures were among the forces contributing to the prevalence of dualearner families" (Figart, Mutari, and Power 183). Women work outside the home, are the major caregivers in the family, and many single mothers are raising children and working doubly hard to make ends meet. And yet, in most all business and industry, women make less than men do, even when they perform the same jobs."

Tags:retirement, income, wages, industries, gender, gap

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the gender-based wage gap in Canada as it relates to the educational levels of the economy's constituents. The writer notes that Canada's wage gap has not disappeared. Furthermore, the writer points out that it appears that the gap actually worsens the higher the educational level of women, based on a percentage of income compared to males of the same educational level. The writer concludes that now that the flush of global markets and quick economic expansion is maturing along with the global economy, many markets, including Canada, are left to explain why increased access to education, specifically, but other economic and social factors as well, has not fully closed the gender-based wage gap and why, in some cases, it appears to be widening again.

Outline:
Abstract
References

From the Paper
"There exists much research that details how various economic and social factors affect gender earnings figures or the gender wage gap of workers in Canada. The importance of such research cannot be understated because it has significant relevance to almost every working adult in Canada but, in the long-term, it can also significantly impact the character of Canada's overall economic development. The long-term impact of such factors on Canada's economy are related to the competitiveness of its labour force within the context of the global economy as well as overall productivity factors manifested through measurements of gross domestic product (GDP). While there are may factors that can manifest such an impact on the Canadian economy, in terms of gender based wage gaps, one that is particularly troublesome is the effect that educational attainment has on the gender wage gap and, by extension, its ultimate impact on the Canadian economy."

Tags:income, economy, earnings, educated, females

Abstract
This paper looks at issues affecting gender-related development by evaluating various indices created to measure gender inequality in development across countries and attempts to find a common denominator. Next, the author performs several descriptive and ANOVA statistical analysis across high income and low income countries. The paper concludes that Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) are much better measures of gender inequality and yield new insights on gender gaps in well-being and empowerment in the world. The paper includes many charts, tables, and a formula.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Child Mortality below 5 Years of Age
GNI (PPP) per Capita
GNI per Capita on Enrolment Ratio of Females to Males in Primary and Secondary Educations
Education Enrolments Correlated to below 5-Years and Maternal Mortality
Gender-Sensitive Measures of human development (GDI), GGI (Gender Gap Index) and GII (Gender Inequality Index)
Global Gender Gap Index (GGI).
GGI and Labour Force Participation in Service Sector
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
GII and Health Indicator
GII and Empowerment Variable
GII and Women's Participation in Work Force
Limitations of Various Gender-related Indices and Policy Implications
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since 1990, UNDP based loosely on Sen's CA, developed a suite of measures which capture key capabilities, particularly health and longevity, education, as well as access to nutrition, shelter, clothing and related capabilities. The HDI (Human Development Index) captures this using a standardized index for life expectancy, literacy and enrolment, and a logarithmic transformation of per capita incomes.
"In 1995, the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) were added to capture the gender dimensions of human development. In 1996, two Human Poverty Measures were introduced, to capture poverty in developing and industrialized countries respectively. While HDI has been very successful in academic and policy circles, GDI and GEM have not been as successful in capturing the gender dimensions of human development. Sen insists that mortality does not correlate with income (which is welfarists' informational basis) and thus income cannot be used as a proxy for quality of life.
"The World Development Report, 2012 has expressly concluded with examples of various countries, Low-income as well as Medium and High income countries, that overall there has been an improvement in the mortality rate of women and children below 5 years of age. Regarding life expectancy it specifically mentions that "since 1980, women are living longer than men in all parts of the world.""

Tags:indices, proxy, mortality, educationpolicy

Abstract
This link entails the phenomenon of how individuals with education almost always have better employment possibilities and better income. Educational opportunity, unfortunately, may help those who have it, but it does not nurture social equality. Educated individuals will certainly attain higher incomes. But this only means that society becomes economically polarized. Indeed, those individuals that attain better incomes are usually taking jobs away from people who do not have the luxury of an education. The society, therefore, becomes increasingly divided because of this process. The poor and the rich increase in number, and the middle class increasingly disappears. Moreover, the link between income and education also includes a significant bias against the female gender.

Abstract
This paper discusses the gender based wage gap in Canada as it relates to the educational levels of the economy's constituents. The paper explains that Canada's wage gap has not disappeared and now it appears that the gap actually worsens the higher the educational level of women based on a percentage of income compared to males of the same educational level.

Tags:equal, pay, college

From the Paper
TRENDS IN SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITY
"This research examines trends in measures of socioeconomic inequality in the United States. All data for this examination were obtained from published sources.

Socioeconomic Inequality Trends
The concept of socioeconomic inequality is multidimensional in character. Income levels, vocation, residence, possessions, and other factors influence determinations of social class. Measures of inequality views these same factors from different perspectives, and extend such measurements to additional factors such as welfare. ... reported that measures of socioeconomic equality ... "

Abstract
The paper explores the growing gap between the lowest and highest wages in the United States since the 1970s. In the paper's first chapter, the writer presents the development of wage trends in the U.S. according to various dimensions. In the paper's second chapter, the writer offers possible explanations for the process by exploring the factors that affect low, middle, and high-wage workers differently. In the conclusion, the writer shows the necessity of continuously updating the research for this will enable the state policymakers to improve wage gaps and level income distribution in the country. The paper includes a list of definitions, graphs and tables.

Outline:
Definitions
Introduction
Wage Spread
Explaining Wage Spreads
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A rising tide lifts all boats. In the speech of the US President John F. Kennedy, the phrase meant that economic growth lifts all problems - both social and political. During the next decades, few would argue that when the economy is growing, all are satisfied. But in the 21st century, the validity of this doctrine is questioned.
"In 2007, American economy grew up by 4.8%1. Such a speed is much lower than those of the world growth leaders of the last decade, China and India, and those of the post Soviet block states, lower than in the African countries that started growing recently. And still, America is growing almost twice as fast as most of other developed countries2. At the same time, according to the social polls, most Americans think that their economic position is worsening. And this is an objective, not subjective reality."

Tags:workers, earnings, gender, education, experience, unions, labor, technology