Abstract The paper presents research that shows how there is a definite gender, education and income disparity in Canada that is deteriorating. The paper points out that these inequalities are more persistent in rural Canada and among non-white women and immigrants.
From the Paper "Even though the educational disparity between women and men has almost disappeared, there is still an income gap between the two, with women earning up to 50 to 84 percent as much as men. The research for this paper confirms this finding. When the research looks at non-white women, women who are immigrants, and women who reside in more rural areas, particularly Alberta, the education/income distances grow wider."
This paper examines why a better education means a better job and a higher income, while those with little or no education find it harder to survive, resulting in poverty situations that continue for generations.
Abstract This paper shows several sides of this issue by stating that many believe that by obtaining the right job, education shouldn't matter while discussing the economic values of acquiring a higher education and the many benefits reaped as a result, and conversely, how having little or no education is directly linked to low income jobs, unemployment and poverty.
From the Paper "The status of educated families and non educated families in Indonesia is also an example of how education increases incomes and gives better employment. It also shows how more money will motivate parents to allow their children to have education. In both of these countries, it has been known that many that live in poverty don't really want change. They probably wouldn't mind a little extra money, but they think they can live without it. Also, some don't mind if their children has a college education or not. Some would rather their children not have an education, because they are afraid of their children looking down upon them.
Like the United States, those with little or no education find it hard to get a good job, therefore putting the family in poverty level. As we all know banks do not like to loan money to those who are in poverty."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the gender-based wage gap in Canada as it relates to the educational levels of the economy's constituents. The writer notes that Canada's wage gap has not disappeared. Furthermore, the writer points out that it appears that the gap actually worsens the higher the educational level of women, based on a percentage of income compared to males of the same educational level. The writer concludes that now that the flush of global markets and quick economic expansion is maturing along with the global economy, many markets, including Canada, are left to explain why increased access to education, specifically, but other economic and social factors as well, has not fully closed the gender-based wage gap and why, in some cases, it appears to be widening again.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper "There exists much research that details how various economic and social factors affect gender earnings figures or the gender wage gap of workers in Canada. The importance of such research cannot be understated because it has significant relevance to almost every working adult in Canada but, in the long-term, it can also significantly impact the character of Canada's overall economic development. The long-term impact of such factors on Canada's economy are related to the competitiveness of its labour force within the context of the global economy as well as overall productivity factors manifested through measurements of gross domestic product (GDP). While there are may factors that can manifest such an impact on the Canadian economy, in terms of gender based wage gaps, one that is particularly troublesome is the effect that educational attainment has on the gender wage gap and, by extension, its ultimate impact on the Canadian economy."
Abstract This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates
From the Paper "A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."
This paper discusses income disparities in Latin America: The history, main causes, the different countries, high-income disparities, ethnicity and gender, and possible solutions.
Abstract This paper states that, although inequality and high levels of income disparity represent major challenges confronting economists and leaders in many parts of the world, the problem is particularly severe in the Latin American countries. The author believes that the root of this phenomenon lies in the region's colonial history and the exploitation of the indigenous population as slave labor for agriculture and tapping the mines. The paper concludes that these stubborn patterns of inequality can be overcome if determined efforts are made to open political and social policies to all and to provide access by the poorer sections to social services. Footnotes.
Table of Contents
Income Disparities in Latin America
Measuring Inequality: Some Recent Studies
Latin America: How Unequal?
Income Disparity in Latin America: Getting Worse?
Is Poverty and Income Disparity Related?
Historical Roots of Inequality in Latin America
Comparison with Colonization of North America
Persisting Patterns of Inequality
Social, Economic and Political Changes in the 20th Century
Roles of Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Income Disparities
Racial Identification
Ethnic Identification
Identity Formation and Discrimination
Assets of Households
Access to Services
Average Incomes What do the Race and Gender-Related Income Statistics Mean?
The Consequences of Inequality
Considered Unfair
Results in Greater Poverty
Affects Economic Growth
Current Backlash
Solutions for Reducing the Inequality in Latin America
More Open Political and Social Institutions
More Equitable Economic Institutions and Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper "Poverty and income disparity are not the same concepts. Poverty may decline in a country or region where income disparity is increasing. However, experience has shown that such a situation occurs rarely and inequality and poverty are closely related. This is because in a growing economy with stable levels of inequality, poverty invariably falls. As a result the Latin American region showed significant reduction in poverty levels in the 1970s, when its economies were growing with a corresponding drop in inequality. On the other hand, the 1980s saw a fall in incomes and more unequal income distribution?resulting in accelerated increase in poverty."
Abstract The paper explores the growing gap between the lowest and highest wages in the United States since the 1970s. In the paper's first chapter, the writer presents the development of wage trends in the U.S. according to various dimensions. In the paper's second chapter, the writer offers possible explanations for the process by exploring the factors that affect low, middle, and high-wage workers differently. In the conclusion, the writer shows the necessity of continuously updating the research for this will enable the state policymakers to improve wage gaps and level income distribution in the country. The paper includes a list of definitions, graphs and tables.
From the Paper "A rising tide lifts all boats. In the speech of the US President John F. Kennedy, the phrase meant that economic growth lifts all problems - both social and political. During the next decades, few would argue that when the economy is growing, all are satisfied. But in the 21st century, the validity of this doctrine is questioned.
"In 2007, American economy grew up by 4.8%1. Such a speed is much lower than those of the world growth leaders of the last decade, China and India, and those of the post Soviet block states, lower than in the African countries that started growing recently. And still, America is growing almost twice as fast as most of other developed countries2. At the same time, according to the social polls, most Americans think that their economic position is worsening. And this is an objective, not subjective reality."
Abstract This paper explains that the North-South problem roughly outlines a trend in developed nations, including Germany, France and the United States, for the North to be more developed than the South, thus creating a geographical basis from which income inequality can be sourced. The author points out that another influence on geographical income inequality lies in the dissimilarity in the dynamic North-South urban centers, such as the Southern cities having a greater concentration of lower income nonwhites than Northern cities as well as their differing industrial bases. The paper relates that income inequality in the United States contributes to a growing concern about the availability of both health and education services for those individuals existing at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder.
From the Paper "The economy of the South became increasingly agriculture based during its development, while the North was moving towards industrialization and manufacturing sectors. Wendy Shaw's study of the distribution of affluence and affluent communities in the United States clearly illustrates the economic inequality resulting from geography. A map displaying the 155 most affluent counties in the United States shows a tendency for such counties to be geographically centered overwhelmingly in the Washington, D.C. to Boston megalopolis."
Abstract The paper discusses the national and international factors, social factors and micro and macroeconomic forces that affect income inequality in the United States. The paper explains the various indices that are used to calculate income distribution and concludes that all statistical observations and analyses point out that American incomes are extremely unevenly distributed.
Outline:
Abstract
Forces That Influence Income Inequality
Income Inequality Metrics
Conclusions
From the Paper "The United States economy is the second largest on the globe, seconded only by the European Union. Praised for numerous achievements, the current economic background is lacking in several areas. Two severe criticisms stand out: a tremendous national debt of the Bush administration spent on national security and the continuous income inequality. Income inequality is a long debated force which still stirs waters. Disclaimers state that income inequality generates mass dissatisfactions and social problems; whereas advocates state that income inequality is itself the force that differentiates and motivates the working class."
Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of the gender gap that exists between girls and boys at the primary and secondary levels of education. This paper first discusses some of the root causes that influence the development of gender stereotypes and the gender gap in science and math. It then examines some of the effects of this gender gap also within an educational context.
From the Paper "Consistently, studies have demonstrated that gender stereotypes can have an effect on the ability of girls to excel in either science or math. Cultural perceptions that assume that those subjects are the domain of boys and not girls can have a deleterious effect upon the ability of girls in a schooling setting to pursue and master either of these subjects that are considered to be so crucial. Science and math constitute two of the core academic subjects that are taught in school, especially at the primary and secondary level. Despite the basic importance of science and math to education at these levels, studies seem to indicate that the current educational situation actually accentuates the gender disparities that exist between girls and boys regarding learning in science and mathematics."
Abstract This paper explains that the lottery was to be used only for supplementary funding of education. The author points out that, unfortunately, Florida is using the lottery for basic funding; and, particularly in Florida, the lottery income is very meager and insufficient. The paper concludes that, nonetheless, when used as supplementary funding, lottery funding plays an important role in meeting the educational demands of the students.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Lottery Funding
Florida Lottery Funding
Scholarships
Florida School Recognition Programs
School Capital Outlay Bond Program
Impact of Lottery Funding
Political Factors
Uncertainty in the Lottery Revenue
Conclusion
From the Paper "The reason for this aberration is the drastic cut down of the education funds by the government in total breach of the 1987 "Florida Public Education Lottery Act", which states that lottery revenue is only an additional source of money and that it must not affect the regular allocation on the part of the government. So instead of proving to be a boon for the students the lottery funding is now proving to be baneful solution."
Tags: supplementary, allocation, scholarship, recognition, income
Abstract The paper examines the implications of gender and class inequalities, presenting some of the key points and problems most often associated with these issues in an educational context. The writer examines various solutions to these inequalities, and explores social policies that could be used to alleviate the differences created by gender and class in education.
From the Paper "Modern human societies are far from egalitarian. By this I mean that in West we have cultivated a social system that too often divides individuals and groups into either haves or have-nots. The consequence is inequality, bias, and prejudice that can leave a large proportion of society struggling to achieve any measure of success. On the other hand, some individuals and groups have much less difficulty in securing rights and privileges in society. Sometimes this has to do with the will to succeed, as the American mythos would have us believe. Unfortunately, more often than not, a complicated mix of social, cultural, and historical forces are at play reducing the chance that individuals from certain groups can succeed. Two of the categories upon which our society often divides people into the privileged and underprivileged are gender and social class. But why talk about these two characteristics together?"
Abstract This paper begins with a general overview of Indiana, discussing its physical geography and population. It continues to offer extensive research on the education system in Indiana. It highlights the issue with state funding for public education and expands on the income disparity. The paper also explores the issue of standardized testing and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB).
From the Paper "Indiana's uses a Foundation Program to provide funding to its public school corporations. Under this model, "the state guarantees school corporations a specific amount of per-pupil funding for education, which is known as the foundation level, provided that the school corporation raises a designated share of dollars through local property taxes." (Toutkoushian and Michael, p.1). In 1993, this system was changed to help target disparity between wealthy and unwealthy school districts. While the bottom up equalization still sets a minimum expenditure per-pupil target for each corporation, it also specifies that local property tax rates should be the same for school corporations with similar expenditure levels. (Toutkoushian and Michael, p.3). Furthermore, the Foundation Program sets ceiling for property tax rates. (Toutkoushian and Michael, p.3). Finally, these changes "allowed the foundation level per pupil to be adjusted upward for school corporations with lower socioeconomic status." (Toutkoushian and Michael, p.3)."
Abstract The paper discusses the article, "The Role of Gender in Academic Achievement" by Lea Hubbard, which deals with issues such as the study of low-income African-American public high school students.
The paper states that the findings of this qualitative study suggest that gender and variables other than ethnicity and class distinctions are a prime determining factor in the performance assessments and achievement levels of African-American public high school students.
From the Paper "The above assertions are dependent on the qualitative research method using a sample of 30 highly successful, low-income, African American public high school students. It should be noted at the outset that the study is limited in terms the extent and range of its data sample. This not only refers to the emphasis on the low income selection and the category of 'successful student," but also to the important fact that the sample group is the participant in the AVID program. While this does not necessarily invalidate the findings of the study, it should be borne in mind as it indicates the parameters of the study and affects any generalized assumptions that can be derived from the research. This is essentially an ethnographic based qualitative study, and, as will be become evident in this review, this form of research method has obvious limitations in terms of validity and overall worth as a research methodology."
Abstract The paper employs these techniques when interviewing three educators in order to discover their involvement in administrating social studies functions in schools. The writer compares the responses with the goal of concluding the level of importance that is placed upon this curriculum. The paper finds that there is evidence of disparity between heads of low-income schools versus heads of affluent schools.
From the Paper "All respondents were asked to describe what they perceived as the needs of the students, the needs of the community, degree of parental support, levels of parent involvement, their basic responsibilities and roles, and their school's expectations regarding their basic responsibilities and roles. Each of these categories are discussed here. The analysis ends with the formulation of several conclusions concerning differences in interviewees' perceptions and the relation of these differences to whether the school was low-income or affluent."
Abstract The paper shows that if the majority of people in a society become educated it would stand to reason that conditions within that society would improve. If conditions and self awareness increase within that society, then there is most likely a chance that a rise in social improvements will follow. This paper shows how democracy would increase in the Middle East and North Africa if more attention would be given to gender and education equity.
From the Paper "When an individual gets an education, every aspect of his or her life can change. In general, with an advanced education, socioeconomic status improves. Many times, education can also lead to improved self-concept. It is difficult to convince someone that he or she is inherently inferior if that person has been taught otherwise. Theoretically, then, education can help individuals stand up and take responsibility for themselves, as well as teaching them to improve their own lives and the lives of others. What then, happens when a nation's population becomes more educated?"
