Abstract
This paper discusses the position of women in crime statistics using sociological theory and studies. It examines the social, economic and other factors that may contribute to the increasing numbers representing women in crime statistics. Consideration is also given to the problems of official statistics and the influence of 'male-stream' sociology on such a subject with reference to studies by Heidensohn, Pollak, Campbell and Box.

From the Paper
"When most people consider women and crime they normally do so according to the general consensus of women being the victims. In the same way as old and frail ladies, women, perhaps particularly young women, are viewed as a "high-danger" group and are generally thought to be more vulnerable and therefore more likely victims of crime. However when we consider the statistics, research, sociological theory and studies we realize that this is not necessarily the case; women are not always the victims and furthermore they are sometimes the actual perpetrators in criminal activity. Unlike topics such as the family, for which the preponderance of sociological research has been conducted by females, the sociological theories of crime are typically carried out by males, who, it could be argued, tend to focus more on the male experience of crime in their research. Male assumptions have therefore become rooted in the subject, which as Frances Heidensohn and other feminist sociologists argue, leads to a "gender blind" approach to sociology."

Tags:feminists, male, heidensohn, pollak, campbell, box

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the topic of crime according to gender based factors. The writer questions why the relationship of gender to crime has been widely overlooked. The writer maintains that past inattention to the issue has been somewhat redressed in recent times based on a growing number of gender-based theories of criminal behavior.

From the Paper
"The lack of theoretical investigation into gender-based schemas of crime has been noted by contemporary criminologists. This is strange, given that gender is clearly a notable factor in criminal and delinquent behavior: only 7 percent of prison inmates and 11 percent of jail inmates are female, and women comprise only 14% of sworn officers in large police departments. So why is gender and its relationship to crime so often overlooked in academic circles?"

Tags:gender, crime, theory

Abstract
This paper examines gendered criminology theory. It specifically analyzes the article, "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered
Theory of Female Offending," written by Emilie Steffensmeier. The paper discusses the content of the article and looks at the author's views and arguments related to theories of crime that take into account female and gender difference.

From the Paper
"Possibly the most significant of the key components is the focus on contextually. This aspect has been largely ignored by other theoretical approaches. The study is also significant in the incorporation into its theoretical framework of gender roles and stereotypes in the explanation of crime. For example, the significance and utility of the gendered perspective as advocated by this theory can be seen it its ability to explain why the reportage of female crime is highest in the category of minor offences, such as shoplifting ands passing bad checks. This aspect is seen against the tendency for women to focus on relationship aspects and protection of their families, whereas these crimes in a male context are largely the result of status protection. It is felt that this gendered theory holds a great degree of promise for future exploratory understanding of this complex issue"

Tags:offender, behavior, stereotype

Abstract
In this article, the writer first notes that sociological and criminological theories may be separated into two distinguishably different areas, those of conflict theories and consensus theories. The writer notes the existence of conflict within society and within conflict theories. The writer discusses gender-based issues and theories within crime.

From the Paper
In the broadest sense, sociological and criminological theories tend to fall into two very different camps: conflict theories and consensus theories. Criminological conflict theories emphasize the political nature of crime, and view society as being based on conflict, as opposed to consensus. Conflict theories posit the existence of two or more groups in conflict, such as two different classes, or many different groups vying to achieve their own ends. An appearance of consensus is created by using laws to enforce consensus, by for example enforcing the law. On the other hand, consensus theory focuses on the stability of society, and sees the

Tags:criminology, gender, conflict

Abstract
It has long been noted that males are more likely to commit crimes than females, and this is especially true for violent crimes. Sociologists have sought to explain the gender disparity and have considered genetic reasons, cultural influences, and other causes that might explain the difference. Sociologists Steven Messner and Robert Sampson have examined the issue and note some of the links that may result if there are more males in the population than females, such as a higher crime rate because men are more likely than women to commit crimes.

From the Paper
It has long been noted that males are more likely to commit crimes than females, and this is especially true for violent crimes. Sociologists have sought to explain the gender disparity and have considered genetic reasons, cultural influences, and other causes that might explain the difference. Sociologists Steven Messner and Robert Sampson have examined the issue and note some of the links that may result if there are more males in the population than females, such as a higher crime rate because men are more likely than women to commit crimes. On the other hand, the sex ratio also might depress the crime rate because it involves less family disruption,

Tags:male, female, crime

Abstract
In Canada, data is not routinely collected regarding the relationship between crime and ethnicity in cases of homicide, nor is it collected with regard to other crimes except when an individual is classified as having an "Aboriginal identifier" (Sacco & Kennedy, 2008, p. 94). Instead, the Solicitor General of Canada releases data on crime statistics with regard to gender and age for various geographic locations across the country.

From the Paper
Running Head: CRIME AND RACE The Canadian Government, Crime Reporting, and Race: Race should not be a Factor in Canadian Crime Data Reporting By Student's Name Student Number Course Name and Number Name of TA Name of University Canadian Government's Policy on Collection of Race-Crime Statistics

Tags:crime, canada, reporting

Abstract
The paper discusses how in our society, women are more often victims of crime and other deviant behavior than are men. The paper explains that what is defined as deviant behavior is in the "eye of the beholder" depending on whether the participants in the deviant situation are male or female, and, the gender of the audience perceiving the behavior is also important in how the situation is perceived. Additionally, the paper points out that although perception is important, so is data, which indicates men commit more violent crimes than do women do.

Tags:gender, deviance, theories

Abstract
The paper explains and clarifies the perceptions of crime by gender and race in the belief that in crime, white males will likely fare better in the Criminal Justice system than minorities and women. The paper affirms that there is a need for further research regarding perceptions about men and women of various races regarding how they view crime by minority groups. The paper further states that there is a need to investigate why these perceptions have not been studied extensively over the past decade.

From the Paper
"Other research, which has been conducted utilized a sample used for studying white-collar criminal careers. This research identified the broad range of white-collar crimes and criminals prosecuted in American federal courts. Researchers benefited form this method by, careful sampling techniques and rich data collected in their study. However, in the same token, researchers added detailed information on the number, timing, and types of other criminal events attributed to these offenders both before and after the offense that was the focus of the previous Yale study."

Tags:race, crime, white, collar

Abstract
The paper discusses the origins, strengths and weaknesses of gender-based theories of criminal behavior and whether they are consensus-based or conflict-based. The paper discusses how gender-based theories of crime are often neglected in investigation into crime theory. The paper explains that such dismissals are erroneous, not only because they ignore the role women play in crime but because they dismiss discussion over why males are so proportionally involved in crime.

Outline:
Introduction
The Birth of Gender-Based Crime Theories
Contemporary Gender-Based Crime Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses of Gender-Based Theories of Criminal Behaviour
Gender-based Theories of Crime as Conflict or Consensus-Based Approaches
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The lack of theoretical investigation into gender-based schemas of crime has been noted by contemporary criminologists. This is strange, given that gender is clearly a notable factor in criminal and delinquent behaviour: only 7 percent of prison inmates and 11 percent of jail inmates are female, and women comprise only 14% of sworn officers in large police departments (Flavin, 2003, p. 225). So why is gender and its relationship to crime so often overlooked in academic circles? Past inattention to the issue has been somewhat redressed in recent times based on a growing number of gender-based theories of criminal behaviour. The sum of these theories generally relate to the "invisibility" of women in a patriarchal society defined by paternalism, sexism and traditional notions of chivalry. Gender theories of criminal behaviour generally revolve around two schools of thought: that of criticizing traditional male approaches to crime study and of developing "gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality" (Williams & McShane, 2004, p. 254)."

Tags:delinquency, males, females, feminism, consensus-based, conflict-based

Abstract
A great deal of ambivalence has surrounded the female offender throughout history. This is primarily because gender differences have made the punishment of women a difficult task. Though times may have changed, even in terms of women's crime and punishment, the relationship between gender and criminality remains controversial and poorly understood. This paper looks at the historical patterns of crime between men and women in Canada and seeks to explain the differences and similarities where appropriate.