Abstract This paper relates the history of women's role in the workplace. The author points out the attributes of genderbias and discrimination. The paper delineates changes in the 20th Century.
From the Paper "This research examines the phenomenon of gender bias in Western society, which can be identified as having both a long history in real-world experience and a long history as a subject for philosophical and moral discourse. The research will set forth attributes ..."
Abstract Both quantitatively (in terms of numbers affected) and qualitatively (in terms of the changes required), genderbias remains a profound Canadian crisis. Women are disadvantaged in marriage and in the workplace and underrepresented in the political arena. The roots of this bias are deeply ingrained in Canadian society. Further, overcoming this bias demands fundamental changes in the type of government intervention designed to address it.
An examination of possible problems of genderbias in the administrating of the GRE - a mandatory requirement for all students that wish to enter graduate school programs.
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the genderbias problems that occur in GRE testing. Furthermore, a number of issues related to this problem are addressed. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn and alternative solutions and recommendations for graduate school admission criteria is proposed that promote equity and fairness for all entering students.
From the Paper "Students that apply to graduate school are affected by the often rigorous application process, including the submission of test scores from the GRE. For many students, advanced standardized tests such as the GRE are not an accurate measure of true academic performance and may negatively influence admission decisions: "The research demonstrates that standardized testing has a negative impact on students, perpetuating and intensifying educational inequity through test bias and the misuse of test scores" (Froese-Germain 111). Those who score poorly on the GRE are often eliminated from admission contention even though the test is perceived as one small component of the selection process. It has been demonstrated that although the questions found on the exam are theoretically designed to be equivalent for either gender, they are often proven to be otherwise. These questions emphasize the significant differences between how males and females perform on standardized tests. In addition, "Men and women differ in their chosen interests and activities, and these differences are likely to have an influence on school activities, grades, and test scores" (Azen, Bronner, and Gafni 77). The identification of true test bias is determined in the following statement: "If a group of examinees always performs more poorly on a test and this group does not subsequently exhibit inferior achievement, then the test misrepresents this group and is said to be biased" (Azen et al. 78). In general, admission tests are required in order to accurately select and predict the appropriate candidates, and this process can have a negative effect on the potential success of student populations."
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the various studies that claim the content of computer games are determined by the interests of men rather than women and proves that a genderbias in the PC game industry exists. This paper also discusses the lack of female computer programmers in the industry and the steps being taken to remedy the situation including direct marketing aimed at women.
From the Paper "One step that some companies are taking is simply directing more marketing at girls and women. According to the esteemed advertising journal, Billboard, in the early part of the previous decade, Sega Corporation instituted a special "girls task force," which was comprised of female executives. Additionally, Viacom New Media executive vice president Michele DiLorenzo began and remained a vocal industry proponent of gender-neutral titles."
Abstract This paper deals with genderbias in English classrooms. In this paper, the writer review the statistics showing that English boys are performing worse than their oversees counterpart and then lists some of the possible reasons boys are falling behind and some of the solutions. It ends with a suggested viable solution to the problem of boys falling behind.
From the Paper "Are boys in England falling behind there female counterparts? If the answer to this question is yes, then why, and what can be done to address the problem. In an age of fierce competition, it is no longer enough to just let "boys be boys" The question is How can we balance the learning needs of boys with the needs of girls. It seems society is on a pendulum, first favoring boys, then favoring girls. We cannot go back and forth, favoring one gender at a time. The pendulum needs to stop swinging, but how do we balance the needs of boys with the needs of girls in a classroom? "
Abstract The writer discusses whether or not the Criminal Justice System is gender blind, whether males or females are favoured by any inherent genderbias, and what an appropriate level of genderbias is for the justice system. The paper cites particular cases and sources that illustrate both sides of the argument.
From the Paper "The blindfold worn by the Lady Justice signifies the impartiality aspired to by the criminal justice system. Ideally, the courts should treat each person before it equally, in a manner blind to any distinguishing features. In reality, our criminal justice system takes into account many distinguishing features of defendants placed within its boundaries. A defendant's age determines whether they will be tried as an adult or juvenile, a determination that brings with it many differences in sentencing options. A defendant's socio-economic status can be seen as determining the quality of legal counsel available, and can also influence sentencing in cases where resources provide better treatment options. While many would like to argue that a person's race does not impact the criminal justice process, studies have confirmed otherwise, finding that the race of the offender and of the victim does play a role in sentencing (Kleck, 1981; Glaeser et al., 2000). Thus, when it is asked whether or not justice is 'gender-blind,' it is not surprising to find out that it is not. Research has consistently found a sex effect operating within the justice system (Daly, 1995). Theorists have offered different explanations for this sex effect, often citing the patriarchal paternalism prevalent in all aspects of modern Western societies (Bernat, 2001; Gilbert, 2001; Daly, 1999). Beyond determining what the sex effects are, and why they may exist, the important question is whether or not justice should be gender blind. The possibility exists that gender disparities in sentencing are simply reflective of actual gender differences within society and therefore, warranted. This paper will provide an overview of the support showing that justice is not gender-blind, the competing explanations for gender biases, and the debate over whether gender bias is warranted as a method of reflecting the actual differences between the genders."
Abstract This paper discusses genderbias in the workplace and focuses on the distinction made between a man and woman in a working environment on the basis of professionalism, integrity, and respect. This paper emphasizes the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 and how several women have used it to fight for their rights. The paper gives real examples of organizations that suffered as a result of gender distinction and represents the true scenario of genderbias in today's world.
From the Paper "Even after great advancements made by mankind in possibly all the fields of life, gender distinction between a man and woman still exists. The portraiture of power and the roles of gender in a prevalent culture reverberate meaningful patrimonial control, with the maneuvering of a female gender an appurtenant element of its objective. Women working in a professional environment have to prove their importance within the acrimonious periphery created by men. Despite the changes, which have been brought in by many laws and movements, women today still do not enjoy a working environment where they would be given a status equal to that of a man."
Abstract This paper is an analysis and brief review of L. Kohlberg's six stages of moral development which include punishment and obedience orientation; individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange; mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity; social system and conscience; social contract or utility; and individual rights and universal ethical principals. In addition to the stages of moral development, this paper presents suggestions on how teachers can avoid bias, especially genderbias, in the classroom.
From the Paper "Lastly, there is level 3, stage 6; the universal ethical principles orientation which also occurs in the stage of adolescence. Here the individual is searching for and in turn living in a way that is consistent with the deepest set of moral principles possible. Adolescents who reason in this way assume personal responsibility for their own actions on the basis of fundamental and universal principles, such as justice and basic respect for persons (Kohlberg, 1978: Kohlberg et al. , 1990). These ethnical principles are part of an articulated, integrated, carefully thought-out, and consistently followed system of values and principles (Bee, 2002)."
Abstract This paper examines how genderbias in education refers to the persistent gender gap that exists in the field of education and how various strategies have been adopted and several reforms have been introduced to tackle this issue. It looks at how women are always taught to be less aggressive and less assertive than their male counterparts, and for this reason, they tend to stay away from more competitive or professional fields of education. It shows how some changes are needed in the way teachers handle this problem in the classroom and how vast literature on the issue suggests that teachers play a vital role in gender gap issue.
From the Paper "It has also been noticed that lower self esteem and confidence in girls is directly connected with teacher's attitude towards more assertive and confident girls. While teachers permit and even encourage assertive attitude of boys, the same behavior is not tolerant when exhibited by a girl and she is seen as a disruptive element. Reay report suggest that the reason why most girls choose not to enter the more competitive fields of education is because they have been conditioned to do so."
Abstract This paper investigates the claim that girls are discriminated against within the American education system. The paper begins with a definition of key terms and a review of the research on gender inequality in schools. The differing viewpoints on the topic are considered and the causes and influences of genderbias are looked at. Discrimination amongst staff is also touched on. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving the situation.
From the Paper "Gender equity, in education, is defined as, "the provision of equality of opportunity and the realization of equality of results for all students based on individual aptitudes, abilities and interests, regardless of gender" (AAUW, 1999). The failure to ensure this equity is known as gender discrimination, or gender bias. Within education, the existence of gender discrimination can be determined by a wide range of factors, such as; enrollment levels; exam results; the manner in which teachers respond to, and interact with, students; the topics and materials used within the teaching process; and the manner in which the school environment and social conditions influence the students. In 1972 the US Department of Education passed Title IX, a set of amendments aimed at reforming gender inequity in schools."
Abstract This paper looks at genderbias and brings the two plays as examples of how gender politics are guided by the inherited behaviors that are more felt than taught. "Trifles" and "M. Butterfly", are perfect examples of how culture dictates the worst behavior in men against women and how women are belittled by culture.
From the Paper "Subjective truth forms our perception of reality when regarding people, cultures, religion, or any other differentiating factor, and this is true of the male gender-perception of women. Plausibility structures, which govern our perspective and control how we perceive the Other, are part and parcel of every culture, gender, religion, and community. In fact, they are directly responsible for our ability to believe the seemingly unbelievable about others. For example, for a very long time, members of hate groups (which they would call patriotic organizations) have created a culture in which its members are convinced of the reality that all people who are not white are so different from them as to be rendered unimportant. Men have, for millennia, subjected women to a 'reality' that tells them they are inferior of mind and body, are unable to engage in the kinds of activities that men can , and that their contributions to the world can only be in motherhood and as a wife. This, of course, is a subjective truth turned reality for the males of the culture. Only relatively recently have women had enough of a voice to be able to start changing that subjective reality to demonstrate that such is not the case. For the purpose of this discussion, we will examine the works of two dramatists: Susan Glaspell's Trifles, and David Hwang's M. Butterfly. Trifles uses the voices of men in a Greek-chorus-like manner, acting as the conscience or the voice reflected by the plausibility structures of the community, to reinforce Minnie's guilt, the triviality of hers and women's occupations, interests, and preoccupations. M. Butterfly, also depicts the kind of influence that the archetypal structures of community perception (i.e. gender perception of women through men) has over a woman's life. Both of these plays will be discussed further in this vein."
Abstract This paper looks at the book, "In Pursuit of Equity" by Alice Kessler-Harris and examines the struggle of women through the 20th century to gain equality in the workplace and the reasons this has been so difficult. The paper analyzes social policies such as the Social Security System and taxation and points to genderbias in their construction.
From the Paper In her book "In Pursuit of Equity" Kessler-Harris points out that men have always considered work as a measure of their manhood and that at the turn of the century many felt this sphere of their life being threatened by entrepreneurial opportunities and the changing workplace. This has led to gender bias against women in the workplace and in social policy in the United States which still exists today."
Abstract In this essay, the writer analyzes one episode of the T.V. program "Home". The writer explores the plot and the characters in this show. In this paper, the writer points out stereotypes and gender issues that appear in the show. The writer looks at the gender roles portrayed in one episode of the show.
From the Paper "Channel House is a medical show and the episode analyzed involved the case of a homeless woman who is brought to the hospital unconscious from a seizure. She was found in a punk night club looking for someone only identified as Jamie. The young doctor attending her believes she may have a brain tumor but the neuro surgeon he consults dismisses his diagnosis and says that the woman is faking and just wants a bed for the night. The case is discussed by ... "
Abstract The present study explores social conditioning among the genders. The information amassed will be used to support the hypothesis that consumer's genderbias, a product of learned social conditioning, has affected the advancement of women in the financial services industry. This research will differ from past research in that it will focus on consumer bias and preference rather than female characteristics in order to explain the dearth of women within the industry. A survey based on genderbias and preference will be conducted on a random sample of consumers in order to test the proposed hypothesis.
Abstract This article concerns the genderbias that most policy makers seem to have. The writer discusses the blatant sex typing and discrimination of women at work in spite of the fact that it is possible to prove that women are at par with men in performing any job well. In this article the writer examines the 'Social Security Act' of 1935 and looks at its effects. The writer argues that genderbias has existed from time immemorial and although no one person would be able to offer an immediate solution to the problem, perhaps awareness could be one solution. The writer concludes that while women have to bear the label of being dependent on their men, in order to avail of pensions and other benefits in their old age, they also have to tolerate a lower pay scale and other sex typing.
From the Paper "At no other time was the Act attacked than during the seventies, and the reason for this may have been that in order for the government to decide on who exactly would be eligible for benefits, legislators would have to agree upon who was a worker, and who was not, and these arguments were unfortunately based on the ideologies of race and freedom, and also on gender. During the 1930s, most old people needed relief, and this was brought in by the American Association for Old Age Security, which would provide aged persons with two hundred dollars every month to spend as they wished, but this legislation brought in a feeling of dependence and insecurity, and to combat this, insurance was brought in. according to this plan, ageing workers would have to be removed form the workforce, but with dignity, and therefore, policy makers created a program that would be more in relation to work, and not to citizenship."
