Abstract
The Italian Prime Minister visited New York City on the 100th anniversary of Garibaldi's death. This paper focuses on the life of this man, what he achieved and why he was considered as such a hero to the Italian people of the time. It uses the above visit as a take-off point.

From the Paper
"As I went through the New York Times for April 2, 1982, I came across some very interesting stories. One that caught my attention was entitled, Italy s President Tours City. It was ironic that the day I was born, the President of Italy came to the United States. I thought maybe it was foreshadowing my future. At first, I was going to write about Sandro Pertini, the Italian president at the time of my birth; but, as I read on, I realized he came to New York City to visit the museum for Giuseppe Garibaldi. April 2, 1982 was the 100 year anniversary of his death, which is celebrated with much enthusiasm in Italy."

Tags:italy, italian, hero, unification

Abstract
Giuseppe Garibaldi's popularity, his skill at rousing the masses and his military exploits are all credited with making the unification of Italy possible. He also served as a global example of mid-19th century revolutionary nationalism and liberalism. This paper shows that following the liberation of southern Italy from the Neapolitan monarchy, however, Garibaldi chose to sacrifice his liberal republican principles for the sake of unification.

From the Paper
"For many years Garibaldi lived the life of a farmer on Caprera. In 1870 he offered his services to the French government and fought with his two sons in the Franco-Prussian War. Rome was annexed to Italy in October 1870, and Garibaldi was elected a member of the Italian parliament in 1874. In his last years he sympathized with the developing socialist movement in Italy and other countries. Giuseppe Garibaldi died on the Italian island of Caprera in 1882, where he was interred. Five ships of the Italian Navy have been named after him, among which a World War II cruiser and the current flagship, the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi."

Tags:independance, Rome, vatican, Franco-Prussia

Abstract
The paper provides a brief biography of Giuseppe Verdi and discusses the music and opera in the early to mid-1800s in Italy that influenced him. The paper examines how Verdi subsequently influenced opera in Europe in general and Italy in particular and focuses on five of his operas, "Nabucco", "Rigoletto", "La Traviata", "Aida" and "Falstaff". Finally, the paper presents an assessment of Verdi's subsequent influence on later composers.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the Age of Information where access to entertainment is straightforward and virtually limitless, it may be hard for modern observers to appreciate the importance of a medium such as opera to the citizens of the 19th century, but the research will show that composers such as Giuseppe Verdi enjoyed superstar status based on their enormous popularity. Like many composers, Verdi exhibited a proclivity for music early in his life and through a series of fortuitous occurrences, his interest in music was groomed and he subsequently became a prolific composer with a number of masterpiece operas to his credit. Given his enduring popularity and impact on modern music, an investigation into Verdi's life and works represents a worthwhile endeavor today."

Tags:music, opera, melody, orchestra, Italy

Abstract
The paper focuses on Guiseppe di Lampedusa's novel "The Leopard", which is a poignant and psychologically gripping story about the fall of a powerful Sicilian aristocracy. The paper looks at how di Lampedusa discusses many topics in the novel, including religion, politics, women, history, astronomy and the Sicilian landscape.

From the Paper
"The Leopard is a fictional novel by Giuseppe di Lampedusa and was published posthumously in 1958. Lampedusa's novel chronicles the history of a Sicilian aristocracy and its decline in the 1860s. The unification of Sicily occurs and is led by Garibaldi. This event results in a loss of power for the Prince of Salina, Don Fabrizio, who is accustomed to feudal politics and strongly opposes The Risorgimento. Prince Fabrizio finds himself steadily losing power to the new revolution and ultimately has to come to accept the new social and political changes in Sicily. Giuseppe di Lampedusa discusses many topics in the novel including religion, politics, women, history, astronomy, and Sicilian landscape."

Tags:Sicily, aristocracy, Garibaldi, religion, politics, women, history, astronomy

Abstract
This paper discusses that, unlike the Rossini version of the same story, Verdi and Boito's opera "Otello" keeps the plot of the original Shakespeare story intact. This paper presents the opera in detail and denotes that the music and operatic forms are in keeping with the nature of each character. The author believes that the music and the drama are perfectly balanced in "Otello" because Verdi uses the music to further the drama and to create tones for each shift in dramatic emphasis.

From the Paper
"Act II begins with an orchestral introduction that mirrors Iago's energy. Iago delivers his famous soliloquy "Credo in un Dio crudel" and expresses his credo of evil. Continuing to find ways to express Iago's shifting energy, Verdi orchestrates the credo in a way that hovers between arioso and aria, "its devious harmonic and formal twists continuing to the last." When Otello arrives, the two sing a duet that continues to the end of the act, lining the action and words of the entire act around this specific confrontation and the way Iago manipulates Otello during it."

Tags:boito, plot, character, drama, balance, tones, poetic, libretto, singing, dance

From the Paper
"The requiem mass is a curious case of a text that has been given hundreds of different musical settings in many different forms -- from plainsong to polyphonic to orchestral -- and styles. The words of the traditional Latin form of the mass are, in themselves, very moving. But the choices composers have made over the centuries have contributed enormously to the emotional and spiritual impact of the text. Each composer who addressed the problem of setting this text had his own motivations and produced a work that bore his individual stamp. A comparison of two requiems, those by Giuseppe Verdi and Gabriel Faur?, demonstrates how the same subject and the same words can be given radically different interpretations by two fine composers. Curiously, in a religious form, neither man was a believer. Yet their Requiems possess the same or even greater spiritual..."

Abstract
This paper discusses two twentieth century poets and looks at what their works say of existentialism. The two poets discussed are Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, of whom John Pilling writes, "Only two modern Italian poets, Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, have had a profound impact throughout Europe." The writer points out that both poets show an authenticity in their work that emerges from their own inner life and that also demonstrates the artist struggling to find meaning in a world that blocks much meaning and that ultimately leads only to death and a form of negation.

From the Paper
"Existentialism was a highly influential philosophy in literature in the twentieth century. Two of the leading figures in the movement in France were also literary lights of the time, Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, and a number of other European writers also show the influence of this philosophy on their work. Two important Italian poets fit into this category, these being Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, of whom John Pilling writes, "Only two modern Italian poets, Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, have had a profound impact throughout Europe". Giuseppe Ungaretti was both in Egypt of Tuscan parents, and he was schooled in the best French tradition and wrote his first poems in French."

Tags:ungaretti, montale, poetry

Abstract
This paper discusses a scene in Giuseppe Verdi's opera "La Traviata". The paper considers the First Act and how it introduces the characters and the situation, foreshadowing much of what is to come while also showing the conflicts within the two main characters and between them as well. The paper notes how both action and music express the same ideas and emotional attitudes.

From the Paper
"In the nineteenth century, the role of women in the theater was often either as victims or as sinners, often at one and the same time. As a rule, women who rebel against the strictures of their society were destroyed. An example is Violetta in La Traviata by Verdi: Violetta ValJry. . . finds she rebels without even trying. . . All around her, members of the family judge, execute, and lay down the law. She dances, she drinks. But the champagne she swallows has none of the grandiose vainglory of Don Giovanni's goblet; her steps are numbered and her lifetime."

Tags:verdi, opera, traviata

Abstract
This paper presents a brief cultural autobiography of the character of Malena, in the film by Giuseppe Tornatore, examining how gender, race, and class shaped the character's life and her choices. The paper discusses the "lesions" that Malena experienced, and looks at how they affected her life, and whether Malena was able to overcome them. The paper looks at whether Malena was somehow transformed by her experiences, and explores the notion of transformation by discussing how she successfully overcame her oppressive forces. The writer discusses, in particular, the tools with which she managed to do this.

Tags:malena, transformation, tornatore