Abstract In this article, the writer notes that about once a day, somewhere in the universe a burst of gammarays appears as if out of nowhere. It lasts a very short time, no more than a few seconds, and then disappears. The writer points out that during the event, the level of radiation from the gamma-ray bursts is so high that it overwhelms any other gammarays coming from other cosmic sources. It has also been observed that most gamma-ray bursts have an afterglow in the x-ray, and sometimes even optical, wavelengths ranges. The writer maintains that the research into gamma-ray bursts will continue until their nature is finally understood. The writer concludes that while this research goes on, the accumulated information and the intermediate hypotheses are already helping astronomers and cosmologists to better understand the universe, particularly the time when it was just beginning to form.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Research Goals
History
Analysis
Future Research
From the Paper "Despite the inconsistent nature of these bursts, some patterns have been identified. One prominent distinction is between long and short bursts, those over 2 seconds and those less than that. Analysis of almost 2,000 gamma-ray bursts recorded by the BATSE device on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory between 1991 and 2000 showed that each falls into one of two groups: the short bursts have closely-spaced high-energy photons; the long bursts' photons appear to have lower energy and are more widely spaced.
"Another pattern that was discovered is related to the degrees of brightening and fading that the bursts exhibit over time in various channels of the measured energy spectra over the life of the burst. This analysis showed that different bursts release their gamma rays at different rates in different energy spectra When plotted, these variations manifested themselves as 5 distinct patterns: flat, crescent (or double-crescent), loop, lobe and island."
Abstract An analysis of Ray Kroc's main acclaimed achievement, the establishment of McDonald's. A study of how he did it and what made him successful. The author explains how he was always a salesman so that when he saw a good business opportunity, he seized the chance to make a good product better and to go the distance with a vision. Not only did Kroc introduce a better fast-food restaurant, he found a better way to run any business through his philosophy of quality, service, cleanliness, and value. Much of his tenacity for success had to do with his vision, but most had to do with his natural salesmanship. The paper concludes that Ray Kroc was a genuine twentieth century innovator and American, second to none in his field, or in nearly any other industry.
From the Paper "Dining at McDonald's is a wholesome American experience. Nothing better represents the values and image of America than a hamburger, french-fries, and a chocolate shake under the Golden Arches. And no other innovators ? with the possible exception of Thomas Alva Edison, Henry Ford, and Bill Gates ? in the last one hundred and twenty-five years has a greater impact upon American culture and the global economy than Ray Kroc. He was a visionary and an entrepreneur. Most of all: Ray Kroc was always a salesman: when he saw a good business opportunity, he seized the chance to make a good product better and to go the distance with a vision. But when Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's 1955, he wasn?t a restaurateur or self-made businessman. He was a 52-year-old milkshake salesman. But the day Ray Kroc entered a little restaurant operated by two brothers in San Bernardino, California, it not only changed Kroc's life but it changed the world. Not only did Kroc introduce a better fast-food restaurant, he found a better way to run any business through his philosophy of quality, service, cleanliness, and value. Much of his tenacity for success had to do with his vision, but most had to do with his natural salesmanship; and of salesmanship, Kroc said, ?"The definition of salesmanship is the gentle art of letting the customer have it your way" (Pepin). Ray Kroc is a genuine American success story from humble beginnings to hamburger titan."
Abstract This paper discusses the Ray Copper Mine in Arizona. Arizona is the largest producer of copper in USA. There are some other states where copper reserves have been discovered but Arizona by far remains the leading copper-producing state accounting for 65 percent of the total US copper-production. Copper and its by-products represent over 80 percent of Arizona's nonfuel mineral value.
Abstract This paper discusses the leadership of New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin during and after Hurricane Katrina. The paper examines Nagin's mayoral career and his personality. The paper studies Nagin within the context of a tranformational leader, asking whether the mayor exhibit those characters. The paper concludes with a discussion of the reasons for his leadership failure in managing the disaster of Hurricane Katrina.
From the Paper "Mayor Ray Nagin of New Orleans swept into office some three years ago, intent on eliminating corruption in the city, reforming a dramatically underperforming school system, creating new jobs and economic opportunities, and..."
Abstract This paper explains that Henri Cartier-Bresson and Man Ray made fundamentally different but important contributions to surrealist art. The author points out that Cartier-Bresson's work captured the surreal in the everyday; Man Ray, instead, created the surreal out of the ordinary. The paper relates that Cartier-Bresson captured the minutia in reality and converted them into surrealism, while Man Ray manipulated reality through techniques like solarization to distort reality into surrealism.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Henri Cartier-Bresson
Man Ray Conclusion
From the Paper "Unlike Man Ray, Cartier-Bresson relied little upon the processes of development in his art. Instead, he remained true to his small 35-mm camera, which he regarded as unobtrusive, and quickly became "an extension of (his) eye". Further, Cartier-Bresson believed that to be effective, photography should be as instantaneous and natural as possible. As a result, Cartier-Bresson worked almost exclusively with natural light in order to capture the essence of his subject."
Abstract This paper examines diagnostic x-ray imaging quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC). It defines QA and QC for diagnostic x-ray imaging and then discusses how this occurs within all areas of a radiology department. Lastly, the paper discusses the growth of quality assurance in pediatric radiology. The paper contains tables and images.
Table of Contents:
Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging Quality Assurance (QA)
Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging Quality Control (QC)
Radiographic Unit Monitoring
Sensitometery and Darkroom Monitoring
Use of Technique Charts
Analysis of Repeat Rates
Continuing Education
Repeat Analysis
Timer Quality Control in Radiographic Equipment
Collimator Quality Control
Vertical Beam Alignment Quality Control
Collimation
Focal-spot Size
Fluoroscopy Quality Control
Automatic Exposure Systems
Tomography Quality Control
Ensuring QC in Conventional Radiographic Systems
Radiation Safety/QA Program
Test Frequency
Different Types of Tests and Duration
Growth of Quality Assurance in Pediatric Radiology
Exhibits
From the Paper "The various parameters to be checked under radiography are (i) assessment of the focal spot size which is the surface area of the anode which is bombarded by the electron beam. In case of radiography machine, it ranges from 0.1 to 1.2 mm or more than that. In case of mammo-machines the values are 0.3 to 0.6. The assessment of focal spot size is applied to get a X-ray image having the least blur. Small focal spot are likely to concentrate heat and emits load on focal spot areas. In case the quantity of heat emitted at the time of an individual exposure is more than the track capacity, the anode surface is liable to melt. Besides, the assessment of the focal spot size is necessary to compare it with the original focal spot size with that of the machine. Also spot size of any machine is stated on the top of the X-Ray tube. (Mukhtar, n. d.)"
Abstract The paper relates that Man Ray's contributions to photography centered on his innovative photographic techniques and his imaginative manipulation to create a surrealistic effect. The author points out that Cartier-Bresson is renowned for his seminal contribution to the "decisive moment" and his evocative and uncomplicated style. The paper concludes that, while Man Ray clearly saw himself as a surrealist, Cartier-Bresson rejected that title. Ultimately, however, Cartier-Bresson's approach to the "decisive moment" overshadows Man Ray's substantial contributions.
From the Paper "Cartier-Bresson had a strong respect for the demands of photojournalism and spent a great deal of his life working as a de-facto photojournalist. Among other important events, he photographed a dying Gandhi, and the 1938 Coronation of King George VI in London. Most of his photographs were taken with his simple and unobtrusive 35 mm camera and with only a 50 mm lens. Cartier-Bresson famously forbade printers from cropping his photographs."
Abstract This paper discusses the 2004 film, "Ray," directed by Taylor Hackford. The paper discusses the story of the film and shows how the filmmakers reflected on the time in which Ray Charles lived. It discusses the background of the Civil Rights era and the changes it brought about and shows how this is seen in the film in the changing relationship between the performer and his audience.
From the Paper "Ray Charles is not depicted as a saint but as a sometimes very difficult man, even without the drug problem that afflicted him for some time. The racism of the 1950s did not stop him from performing as he wished any more than had his blindness. In 1961, he decides that he will no longer play for segregated audiences in the South as he had before, since that was expected of performers at that time and in that part of the country. Because of his stand, though, another instance of racism is seen as his home state of Georgia bans him from performing at all. The film addresses this with a section at the end set in 1979 as the state give the singer an apology for this action, showing just as much that times have changed and that a segregated audiences is no longer possible. The central issue in the film is not racism or even the society of the time, though that background is recreated well for the film. Instead, the film offers "a potent sampling of Charles' demons, faults and addictions to go along with the charm, talent and strength of character" (McCarthy 3)."
Abstract In a highly competitive world, business strategy is vital to success and, as demonstrated by some individuals, an ordinary business can be converted into a massive chain of outlets on an international scale. An example of this kind of success is Ray Kroc's McDonald's, which developed from a relatively small fast-food company into a fast-food chain with outlets in nearly every corner of the world. The paper discusses the reasons behind this incredible business success story, focusing on the qualities in the man, Ray Kroc, such as vision, authority, and perseverance, which made McDonald's what it is today.
From the Paper "Two particular accounts that have been remembered about his authoritative attitude include the time that he fired an employee for not wearing properly polished shoes. The second account that is remembered is the time that he nearly fired a manager for not having enough of what he called "potential" (Kroc & Anderson, 1990). This authoritative attitude is one that can so easily be associated with cruelty and lack of consideration for employees. However, this action demonstrates the standards that Kroc expected to maintain without any exceptions being made."
Abstract Although separated by about seven decades, this paper explains that Man Ray and Sally Mann are both 20th century photographers whose work has been preoccupied with surrealist imagery. It looks at how both artists have gone against the grain of popular styles, defying trends in their individual ways. Both were concerned with romanticism and both strove to capture an altered reality in their work. It concludes that the absurdity of fashion and the disembodied female form held Ray's interest, while for Mann, the absurdity of childhood and parenting occupies her stills.
From the Paper "Early in his career as an artistic pioneer in a variety of media, Man Ray was a founder of the Dadaist Movement of New York with Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia. [1] However, some of his most interesting work was done during his time as a fashion photographer for the great design houses of Paris. For Ray, the world of fashion was attractive because of its strange metaphors: reality vs. fantasy, and the thin line that holds them apart. Ray's style was couched in his ideas of the unreality of fashion, yet it stood in stark visual contrast to the surrealist aesthetic of the time, which also liked to challenge the "reality" of standard fashion."
Abstract This paper describes the photography of Man Ray, describing both his spirit of innovation and his enormous talent for the photographic medium. The paper discusses Ray's early career, his interest in photography, his work in New York and Paris, his surrealist and Dadaist works and his influence on the mainstream (and often upper class) dress fashions of the late 1930s.
From the Paper "Ray's interest in photography grew stronger in the 1920s. He showed a masterful control of camera and dark room skills, but he was most notably an innovator. He helped re-instate the cliche-verre method of making direct photographic reproductions of drawings on glass. He used a variety of methods to produce photographic images without using a camera by "placing translucent objects on sensitized paper, adjusting lights at various angles, moving objects and/or lights above and across the paper, and at times actually immersing objects in the developer during exposure." [Perpetual, p. 27] If photography was machine-art, then Ray's photographs without a camera were even harder to categorize, an unidentifiable realm of artistic mystery. Although not entirely of his own invention, Ray's experimentation with these forms of exposure led to a liberation in the modernist's way of interpreting reality."
Abstract This paper defines digital radiography as a branch of radiography which converts X-ray images to electronic data which can then be viewed and read by radiologists on a monitor. The writer stresses the convenience of being able to store digital radiographic images on computer discs. This paper details the various uses and advantages of digital radiography including the fact that this particular method is quicker and far more accurate than the previous practice of producing x-ray images. This paper discusses the differences between computed radiography and digital direct radiography while also delving into the pros and cons of both radiographic methods.
From the Paper "The 'Direct Digital Radiography' System provides options for the transition to digital technology. This system offers the highest quality images that are available in DR today. Developed only in recent years, the system can be used across a large number of potential applications. The advantages of the system are that it consists of two types of detectors, one direct and the other, indirect. In the setup for its imaging, indirect sensors convert x-rays into light, and then convert that into electronic signals. The images depend on both signal profiles as well as on image resolution. The system relies on a scintillation method, wherein x-ray energy may be converted into light, and this light can then be converted into electronic signals by thin-film diodes."
Tags: computer, digital, technology, radiology, x-ray, film
Abstract This paper explains that the ICJ Camp X-Ray case regards the status of detainees at Camp X-Ray and their treatment. The author points out that the case involves Saudi Arabia v. U.S. regarding non-Americans captured by the United States Government (USG) during the conflict in Afghanistan and detained at USG naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The paper reports the reasons for the ICJ's rejection of the argument of Saudi Arabia.
From the Paper "This opinion sets forth the judgment of the International Court of Justice ICJ in the Camp X-Ray case, Saudi Arabia v U.S. regarding the status and treatment of non-Americans captured by the United States Government USG during the recent conflict ..."
Tags: Guantanamo Bay, International Court, Saudi Arabia
Abstract This paper analyzes Satyajit Ray's most famous film, Pather Panchali, from the standpoint of cinematic realism. In doing so, the paper draws comparisons with the Italian neo-realist film that had the greatest influence on Ray's burgeoning aesthetic, 'The Bicycle Thief.' In considering the two films together, the paper shows the ways in which neo-realist filmmaking effectively subverted the dominant filmmaking paradigm of Hollywood in the mid-20th century.
Outline:
Introduction
The Plot
Narrative & Style
Conclusion
From the Paper "Much of the stress of the family's day to day existence seems to fall on Sarbajaya. Not only does she have to look after the two children, she is also faced with the burden of looking after her elderly sister-in-law, Indir Thakrun, who is portrayed by Chunibala Devi. Despite the fact that the woman is so old she is practically on the verge of death, Sarbajaya nonetheless resents the fact that she has to share her precious home and resources with the old woman. While we empathize with Sarbajaya's plight, we also feel sorry for the old woman - she bends over when she walks, has no teeth, and is obviously unable to take care of herself. She thus rounds out the principle cast, and helps to evoke a very real feeling of helplessness that seems to haunt all of the characters' lives."
Abstract This paper explains the dangers of sun rays and how these are a cause of skin cancer. It looks at preventative measures and precautions needed to be taken and what protection one may use. It explains the ecological cause of this rise in danger levels - the ozone layer, global warming etc.
From the Paper "Very simply, sunburn and UV light, or, more specifically, Ultra Violet Radiation (UVR), and especially UV-B radiation can damage your skin, and this damage can lead to skin cancer. There are of course other determining factors, including your heredity and the environment you live in. However, both the total amount of sun received over the years, and overexposure resulting in sunburn can cause skin cancer."
