Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that gallstones are the commonest biliary pathology, more prevalent in Western countries. The writer points out that although a gallstone is asymptomatic in the majority, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. A variety of imaging modalities are performed to accurately diagnose the condition. The writer notes that there are a variety of both surgical and medical methods of treatment. In this study the writer explores the typical conditions of this disorder. Further, the writer looks at the various investigations and treatment modalities, as well reviews the complications and prognosis of the condition.

Outline:
Introduction
Prevalence
Ethnic And Genetic predisposition
Age
Obesity
Other Factors
Pathogenesis
Relationship of sludge to gallstones
Clinical Features
Atypical clinical features
Investigations
Management of Gallstone Disease
Complications and Prognosis
Summary
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Gallstones are more common in obese, fertile women. The high-risk populations include Pima Indians in Arizona, Scandinavians, American Indian groups in Alaska, Canada, Bolivia and Chile. The common risk factors for developing gallstones are increasing age, obesity, and cholesterol hypersecretion. Gallstones are classified into cholesterol stones, mixed stones, and pigment stones. Although gallstones are asymptomatic in upto 75% of patients, they may become symptomatic by either causing obstruction to the cystic duct or common bile duct. The most characteristic symptom is biliary colic. The other clinical features are acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholangitis. The atypical clinical features include emphysematous cholecystitis, and small bowel obstruction. The investigations performed for gallstones include a routine haemogram, liver function tests, blood culture, serum amylase, imaging studies, oral cholecystography, Computed Tomographic Cholangiography and Magnetic Resonance, ERCP, and cholescintigraphy."

Tags:bladder, cholesterol, disorder, diagnosis

From the Paper
"Outline

1. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac that is located in the anterior of the right upper quadrant and is divided into the fundus, body, and neck.

II. The tripartite function of the gallbladder entails the production of bile, intermittent digestion, and the storage of bile.

III. The condition referred to as gallstones is cholelithiasis, which manifests when pain occurs following the contraction of the gallbladder after fatty meal ingestion.

IV. With distal acoustical shadowing, cholelithiasis appears as ..."

Abstract
This paper looks at lipids and other fats of the body. The author discusses their composition and functions.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Triglycerides
3. Tables and Pictures
4. Waxes
5. Steroids
6. Cholesterol
7. Phospholipids
8. Glycolipids
9. Sphingolipids
10. Consumption of Lipids
11. Storage of Lipids
12. Lipid Oxidation
13. Lipid Bilayer
14. Atherosclerosis
15. Gallstones
16. Artheriosclerosis
17. Coronary Heart Disease
18. Conclusion

From the paper:

"Lipids are hydrocarbons that are found in living systems in the environment. The main classes of lipids are triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, gylcolipids, and sphingolipids (Glanze). The simplest lipid, which makes up the backbone of all of these, is the fatty acid (see page 2). The main characteristics that separate the different kinds of lipids are the derivatives, such as acids, alcohols, amines, amino alcohols, and aldehydes, found on the end of the hydrocarbons and their solubility in water. Most lipids are non polar and there for are not soluble in water but instead in fat solvents such as ether, chloroform, and benzene. From these two basic distinctions, there are dozens of possible lipids that can be formed in nature and synthetically (Cooper)."

Tags:anatomy, body, cholesterol, fats, human, lipids, obesity

Abstract
First, this paper looks at heart transplants to extend and improve the patient's life without which he will die of heart failure and the problem of racial disparity and that the procedure can cause gallstone disease. Next, the author reviews asthma that is a chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes or airways, especially childhood asthma and asthma during pregnancy. Finally, the paper examines the problems of pulmonary hypertension that is amysterious condition of elevated pressure in the pulmonary ventricles, its treatment and the some times negative effects of pulmonary angiography.

Table of Contents:
Heart Transplants
Racial Disparity
Gallstone Disease
Asthma
Asthma during Pregnancy
Pulmonary Hypertension
Treatments
Effects of Pulmonary Angiography

From the Paper
"Studies found that the survival rates of cardiac transplantation were race-dependent. Caucasians had better chances of survival than African-Americans. Physiological differences appeared to be a factor. African-Americans developed heart disease and other diseases at an early age and had longer hospitalizations than Caucasians with the same illness. This implied that outpatient resources were under-utilized and that limited patient education. African-Americans tended to seek treatment in big tertiary care centers and without health insurance."

Tags:replacement race-dependent, bronchial hyper-reactivity, allergic rhinitis, asymptomatic