Abstract
This paper examines the discoveries of two famous men, Galilei Galileo and Charles Darwin, and compares the way in which their respective ideas were accepted in their ages of discovery. It discusses how Galileo's discovery of the telescope and subsequent proving of the solar system's existence, led him to be branded as a heretic. The paper shows how Charles Darwin's 19th Century book "On the Origin of Species" also caused him to be labeled a heretic, especially when he related his theory to the evolution of man. The paper shows how both Galileo and Darwin undermined the Catholic church and in the face of enormous obstacles, eventually led people to accept their theories.

From the Paper
Galileo Galilei once said, " All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them." Contrary to his thoughts, however, all truths are not easy to understand, and some are even harder to sustain. Upon his development of the telescope in 1609 Galileo was able to present empirical evidence to prove Copernicus' heliocentric view of the solar system. Regardless of his evidence Galileo met the same fate as his precursor as his findings were cast aside and he was labeled as a heretic."

Tags:controversy, darwinism, enlightenment, king, louis, relegion, xiv, Copernicus

Abstract
This paper looks at how, as Galileo first turned his telescope toward the heavens, he was drastically turning mankind away from its long-accepted view that the Aristotelian view of the heavens was correct. It examines the significance of Galileo's early astronomical observations on the Aristotelian universe by examining Aristotle's theory of the cosmos, pertinent background on Galileo, his discoveries, and the effect they had on Aristotle's universe.

Outline
Introduction
Aristotle's Universe
Galileo Leading Up to His Discoveries
Galileo's Observations and their Significance
The Moon
Jupiter
Venus
Other Important Observations
Toward a Heliocentric Model
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The next object Galileo turned his attention to was the planet Jupiter. In January of 1610, he saw three small but bright stars in the area of Jupiter that changed positions with time, but never strayed far from Jupiter. After repeated observations, Galileo concluded that there are three stars in the heavens moving about Jupiter. He later discovered a fourth satellite of Jupiter and he named these moons the Medicean stars. These satellites were seen to orbit Jupiter at various distances and speeds. This was the first time that a planet other than Earth was found to have satellites orbiting it."

Tags:copernicus, galileo, jupiter, moon, padua, ptolemy, renaissance, science, sun, sunspots, telescope, venus

Abstract
This paper examines the characters Galileo and Sir Thomas More in these dramatic plays. The paper explains how these protagonists offer a sense of the individual conscience that must escape the limitations of human law that are imposed upon society. The paper demonstrates how in both cases, More and Galileo must contend with the severe religious domination that the Church of Rome imposed on science, as well as those placed upon marriage laws in regards to Henry VIII. The paper notes, however, that the absolutism that Galileo offers is different than More's, in that he is willing to suffer and be punished for his heresy against the Biblical foundation of science in astronomy.

From the Paper
"The aim of this historical and philosophical study will be to evaluate the protagonists Galileo and Sir Thomas More in the plays "Galileo" by Bertolt Brecht and "A Man for All Seasons" by Robert Bolt. By understanding the characterizations given to these characters by these playwrights, one can evaluate the similarities and differences in their individual conscience and societal values they impart on culture. In this manner, the individual self takes precedence in historical aspects of science and politics, but the societal values conflict with this behavior throughout the evolution of plot within these dramatic formats."

Tags:galileo, brecht, bolt

Abstract
This paper deals with Galileo's arguments with church officials, and his attempt to reconcile his scientific findings with teachings from the bible. Emphasis is placed on Galileo's conviction that scientific truth and the biblical message are not contradictory, but can complement each other. Historical and religious figures are discussed with respect to their influence on Galileo.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most relevant and convincing argument that Galileo posed to clear up the relationship between
scientific truth and the bible was that the bible was often unclear and ambiguous (GAL 214, 206, 199), which could cause the true meaning to be misunderstood by people attempting to translate its meaning. An example of this posed by Galileo was from the commonly known story of God stopping the sun in the sky to allow Joshua to win a battle."

Tags:bible, church, dogma, galileo, religion, renaissance, scientific, truth, -, LO, TOV

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to separate some of the ideological rhetoric regarding Galileo's relationship with the Catholic Church from the historical facts. To do so, the paper examines Galileo's life as it developed and took him on a course towards an eventual trail before the Roman Inquisition. The paper touches upon his contributions to science as well.

From the Paper
"In October 1992, the Pope proclaimed in veiled terms and with no clear admission of wrongdoing on the part of the Catholic Church that mistakes were made in the 1633 conviction of Galileo Galilei for heresy (Spaeth 6). Galileo was convicted, as has become part of scientific lore, for his assertion that the Earth revolved around the Sun instead of the other way around. Though Galileo was only confirming an earlier established theory by Polish-born Copernicus, Galileo's run-in with the Church has become iconic over the stretch of the almost four centuries since he was convicted."

Tags:galileo, catholic, church

Abstract
This presents an overview of Galileo's birth, family life, upbringing education and cause of death. The author points out the countries in which he lived and worked. The paper examples of Galileo's contributions and most important works.

From the Paper
"According to Al Van Helden online, Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, on February ..., the first of six children. While his family belonged to the nobility, it was not rich as his father was a musician. Once he was old enough to be educated in a monastery, his parents sent him to the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa. The Camaldolese Order combined the solitary life of the hermit with the strict life of the monk. Galileo enjoyed his time at the monastery and he became a ..."

Tags:Galileop, Copernius, the Inqusition, heresy, astronomy, telescope, life and times, Catholic church, biography of Galileo

Abstract
In the paper, Galileo's early life, family life, education and contributions are discussed. His specific contributions to astronomy are noted, along with the controversy that resulted from his presentation of the Copernican System.

From the Paper
"The following presents a detailed report on Galileo. His early life, family life, education and contributions are discussed. His specific contributions to astronomy are noted, along with the controversy that resulted from his presentation of the Copernican System.
"Galileo was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher who was born in Italy in to his father, Vincenzo Galilei, who was a musician and his mother, Giulia degli Ammannati Galileo, was the first of six or seven siblings, most believing it was six children..."

Tags:galileo

Abstract
An account of the paradigm shift in astronomy between the geocentric theories of Ptolemy and the heliocentric theories of Copernicus and Galileo.

From the Paper
"The transition of science in general and astronomy in particular from the Ptolemaic to the Copernican universe vividly demonstrates how social and cultural concerns can sometimes override technical ones. That is, even when confronted with verifiable facts that change what is known about the universe, those who are overwhelmingly attached to the comfortable truisms of their culture are likely to resist the new knowledge. Apart from the losses to the body of shared knowledge and understanding that such resistance can foster, there is the more vexed problem that when..."

Tags:asatronomy, astrology, geometry, physical sciences, church, Galileo, Copernicus, Ptolemy

Abstract
The paper discusses the observations and discoveries of physicist and astronomer, Galilei Galileo. The paper also compares his observations to those of other famous atronomers such as Johannes Keplar, Ptolemy and Copernicus.

From the Paper
"Interestingly, the sort of heresy that Galileo was convicted of was just the sort of observational assertion that Luther had already predicted the Catholic Church would have trouble with, based upon the fact that they held rationalistic interpretations of the Bible in greater esteem than empirical conclusions arrived at through careful examination. In other words, the Church, by hoarding all of the power to make reforms and philosophical claims about the world, had made itself vulnerable to catastrophic failure once competing worldviews were introduced. Essentially, so much had been built upon the rationalistic claims asserted by the Catholic Church for more than one thousand years, that empirical knowledge was likely to soon begin to contradict dogma. Of course, this did occur quite publicly when Galileo argued in favor of the Copernican, heliocentric model of the solar system. Yet, it would seem, the rationalistic way of perceiving the universe was far more flexible than Luther had initially suspected. Galileo, on the other hand, grasped the philosophical wiggle-room rationalism affords anyone who is willing to accept claims about the world based upon faith."

Tags:church, observation, Ptolemaic, model, Galileo

Abstract
This paper details how Galileo Galilei affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

From the Paper
"Galileo Galilei was a mathematician, an astronomer, and a physicist who made several significant contributions to modern scientific thought. During his life, he made many scientific discoveries, often in contradiction with the centuries-old ideas of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. These contradictions led to great conflict with the Catholic Church; however, he emerged as a symbol to others who oppose unyielding authority and champion scientific progress. As James Reston's biography Galileo makes clear, Galileo is a historical figure who affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church."

Tags:astronomy, galilei, galileo, mathematics, physics, science