From the Paper
"Cygnus A is the best known of the group of dumbbell galaxies. It consists of two nuclei in a common halo. It could be an extreme case of double galaxies. Galaxies are often radio sources.. Cygnus A is so-called because of the constellation in which it is located.. The galaxies at the center of radio star Cygnus A are photographed with the 200-inch telescope. These galaxies are practically at the limit of present optical observation. However, they are one of the strongest radio sources in the sky. Minkowski interprets Cygnus A as two galaxies, of about 100 billion stars each, in head-on collision - a catastrophe of tremendous magnitude. A different interpretation is that these two galaxies are the fragments of one original galaxy undergoing fission, that is, blowing apart in an explosion that must be just as violent as Minkowski's ... "

Abstract
This paper examines the possibility that life does exist in other star systems in this galaxy and argues that it is very likely.

From the Paper
"A helpful tool used to estimate the number of technological civilizations that might exist among the stars was developed in 1961 by Dr. Frank Drake. Called the Drake Equation, it identifies specific factors thought to play a role in the development of such civilizations. Some of the things taken into consideration is the rate of formation of suitable stars on which life might exist, the fractions of those stars with planets, the fraction of planets where life develops, and other such things (The Drake Equation)."

Tags:alien, drake, equation, extraterrestrial, galaxy, life, mars

Abstract
The paper presents a table that reveals the financial characteristics of the four investment opportunities for Galaxy Satellite Co. and then assesses these opportunities through the lenses of the net present value and the internal rate of return. The paper finds that in terms of the net present value, the most desirable investment alternative is project D, whilst based on the internal rate of return, the most profitable course of action is project B. The paper looks at the goals Galaxy Satellite Co. is striving to achieve with the new investment, and reaches the conclusion that investment project B is the most desirable course of action.

Outline:
Introducing the Situation
Net Present Value
Internal Rate of Return

From the Paper
"The internal rate of return is used by economists and investors to identify the expected financial outcome of a given project. It is generally accepted that the final value of the internal return will vary from the initial calculations, but it is still relevant as the proportions in modifications will tend to remain relatively constant. The internal rate of return can be perceived similarly to the growth rate a project is expected to return and given this situation, the project with the highest IRR will be the one to be selected by the organization (Investopedia, 2009).
"Internal rates of return for the four alternative investment projects are: project A - 21%, project B - 25%, project C - 24% and project D - 23%. Based on this measured rates, the most desirable course of action for Galaxy Satellite Co. is investment project B, with the highest IRR of 25%.
"The manager at Galaxy Satellite Co. is placed in the difficult position in which he has to choose between two investment projects that have tested superior values using two different decision making tools. In terms of the net present value, the most desirable investment alternative is constituted by project D, whilst based on the internal rate of return, the most profitable course of action is set by project B."

Tags:net, present, value, internal, rate, of, return, capital, budget

Abstract
This paper uses the tools of the strategic alignment model, benefits matrix and project management methodologies to develop a plan for a website upgrade for a hotel,The Galaxy International, to improve its business process management. The upgraded website, the author reports, will improve the automation of the process of interacting with the customers. The paper recommends that the implementation of the plan to be conducted using the PRINCE methodology, which facilitates the communications between the top management and the employees.

Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Business Context
Impact on the Organization
Business Benefits
Project Management
Advantages of Using the PRINCE Methodology
Disadvantages of Using the PRINCE Methodology
Management Load
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The company will have to invest substantial resources in the form of man hours and equipment in order to make the upgraded website operational. However the company should go ahead with the investment because otherwise the status quo means that the existing website will not be able to cater to the needs of the changing market conditions. The information that is available in the existing website is too limited to make it of strategic value either to the employees at Galaxy International or to its consumers at Mega Airlines."

Tags:misalignments morale, process mapping, fail-safing formalization

Abstract
This six-page paper looks at the idea of digital artefacts and how they affect the world and the media. Furthermore, the paper looks at the Gutenberg Galaxy and the online service where it is possible to retrieve data and information at the touch of a button.

Abstract
The paper uses scientific data to support the claim that based on what is known by astronomers both about black holes and about our galaxy. The author finds that the scenario of a growing black hole is unlikely and would have already been discovered by multiple laboratories that exist to monitor our skies. The writer continues with a forecast of defense for which scientists are prepared in the event of the threat of a black hole.

From the Paper
"The Schwarzschild radius also helps marks the point at which the gravity is so great that no state of matter can withstand it. This distance falls at approximately a factor of twice the Schwarzschild radius; the exact value has not been determined. However, the effect of its gravity on distant orbiting objects remains unchanged. The gravity pull is determined as a force originating at and acting on the centers of the objects. When the star collapses into a black hole, its center of mass remains the same, thus having no effect on the orbiting objects."

Tags:astronomy, galaxy, skies, force, science

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Milky Way galaxy, named for the hazy band of light that stretches across the dark skies of the night. It looks at how, although this system (usually referred to as a spiral galaxy, much like the Andromeda galaxy) has created much wonder and awe since the beginning of human civilization, it was not until 1610 that its true nature was discovered by Galileo when he turned his small refracting telescope toward the night sky to reveal that the Milky Way was composed of countless individual stars, nebula and other astronomical bodies, many of which remained mysterious and unknown well into the 20th century.

From the Paper
"Looking from the Earth at the Milky Way, one obtains two distinct views--first, in the direction of the poles, the density of the stars decreases dramatically, meaning that at the poles, the stars are far apart and are set against a very dark background. Second, looking along the equatorial plane, the closest stars are situated against a faint but luminous band, being "the blended light of billions of stars in the galaxy's disc. In 1785, astronomer William Herschel, by using a 48-inch reflector telescope of his own construction, counted the stars in more than 600 regions of the sky and concluded that "the majority are concentrated along a plane and that the galaxy is disc-shaped with the Sun at its center" (Parker, 1988, 156). "

Tags:nebula, stars, Galileo

Abstract
The paper discusses how handwritten script and the printed book cannot be considered equally responsible for the development of typographic man. The paper analyzes Alison Harwood's review of McLuhan's "The Gutenberg Galaxy". Rather, as this essay will contend, while script was important as a media for millennia, it was only through print technology that the signifying symbols of script could be mass produced in fixed, essentially identical, formats. The paper concludes that it was this mass production of fixed texts that altered human culture on such a broad scale as to lead to the development of what McLuhan terms the "typographic man".

From the Paper
"Alison Harwood, in her review of Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, describes the key components of McLuhan's theory of how the development of print technology led to a fundamental transformation of human culture and human perception of the world. Print technology involved the mechanization of the scribal craft. This allowed the production of consistently identical texts and led to uniformity and homogeneity of spelling and grammar, ultimately promoting individual authorship and the ownership of intellectual property."

Tags:summary, critical, discussion

Abstract
This paper discusses how one of the most important questions posed by astronomers and cosmologists revolves around exactly how the universe was created and how the original view that that universe is infinite with no beginning and no end has shown to be inaccurate. The paper examines the conception of the Big Bang which has forced scientists to view the creation of the universe as a finite phenomenon, possessing a history and a beginning. In addition, the paper looks at exactly what the Big Bang was and how it influenced the formation of galaxies, nebula and planets.

From the Paper
"In the late 1970's, the study of the most elementary particles of matter became connected with the sciences of astronomy and cosmology, a good example being the "symbiotic relationship between cosmology and the study of elementary particle physics provided by the conjunction of high precision experiments" at the European Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland, and cosmological theories on nuclear reactions which occurred only seconds after the Big Bang (Sullivan 2004, p.167). These two approaches have revealed a myriad variety of an elemental particles known as neutrinos, "ghostly particles which interact so weakly with every other form of matter that they are extremely hard to detect," even though they pass through the bodies of every human being every single second (Sullivan 2004, p.168)."

Tags:neutrons, protons, galaxies, planets

Abstract
This paper discusses the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the first Earth-orbiting reflecting telescope. The paper examines how the Hubble Space Telescope serves a vital function in increasing our knowledge of the universe. The paper explains that since its launch in 1990, despite several crucial problems, it has revealed a universe full of mysterious bodies, nebula, star systems and galaxies and has expanded the possibilities that humankind is not alone in the universe.

From the Paper
"The first scientific idea for a telescope such as the HST came about in 1946 when Lyman Spitzer issued a proposal for a space telescope with a primary mirror between sixteen and fifty feet in diameter. Throughout the 1960's and 1970's, with the ultraviolet observatories OAO-2, OAO 3 and the IUE in the planning stages, the space telescope remained only a dream, due to the lack of technology. Yet Spitzer did not give up, for by the 1970's he had offered another proposal for a space telescope which would be able to provide images of very faint objects as contrasted to ground-based telescopes which suffer from distortion due to the Earth's atmosphere. According to Spitzer, such a telescope would not "supplement our present ideas of the universe we live in, but rather would uncover new phenomena not yet imagined and perhaps would modify profoundly our basic concepts of space and time" (42)."

Tags:planets, stars, galaxies