Abstract This paper exames the possibility that life does exist in other star systems in this galaxy and argues that it is very likely.
From the Paper "A helpful tool used to estimate the number of technological civilizations that might exist among the stars was developed in 1961 by Dr. Frank Drake. Called the Drake Equation, it identifies specific factors thought to play a role in the development of such civilizations. Some of the things taken into consideration is the rate of formation of suitable stars on which life might exist, the fractions of those stars with planets, the fraction of planets where life develops, and other such things (The Drake Equation)."
Tags: alien, drake, equation, extraterrestrial, galaxy, life, mars
Abstract The paper uses scientific data to support the claim that based on what is known by astronomers both about black holes and about our galaxy. The author finds that the scenario of a growing black hole is unlikely and would have already been discovered by multiple laboratories that exist to monitor our skies. The writer continues with a forecast of defense for which scientists are prepared in the event of the threat of a black hole.
From the Paper "The Schwarzschild radius also helps marks the point at which the gravity is so great that no state of matter can withstand it. This distance falls at approximately a factor of twice the Schwarzschild radius; the exact value has not been determined. However, the effect of its gravity on distant orbiting objects remains unchanged. The gravity pull is determined as a force originating at and acting on the centers of the objects. When the star collapses into a black hole, its center of mass remains the same, thus having no effect on the orbiting objects."
Abstract This six-page paper looks at the idea of digital artefacts and how they affect the world and the media. Furthermore, the paper looks at the Gutenberg Galaxy and the online service where it is possible to retrieve data and information at the touch of a button.
Abstract This paper uses the tools of the strategic alignment model, benefits matrix and project management methodologies to develop a plan for a website upgrade for a hotel,The Galaxy International, to improve its business process management. The upgraded website, the author reports, will improve the automation of the process of interacting with the customers. The paper recommends that the implementation of the plan to be conducted using the PRINCE methodology, which facilitates the communications between the top management and the employees.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Business Context
Impact on the Organization
Business Benefits
Project Management
Advantages of Using the PRINCE Methodology
Disadvantages of Using the PRINCE Methodology
Management Load
Conclusion
From the Paper "The company will have to invest substantial resources in the form of man hours and equipment in order to make the upgraded website operational. However the company should go ahead with the investment because otherwise the status quo means that the existing website will not be able to cater to the needs of the changing market conditions. The information that is available in the existing website is too limited to make it of strategic value either to the employees at Galaxy International or to its consumers at Mega Airlines."
Tags: misalignments morale, process mapping, fail-safing formalization
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the Milky Way galaxy, named for the hazy band of light that stretches across the dark skies of the night. It looks at how, although this system (usually referred to as a spiral galaxy, much like the Andromeda galaxy) has created much wonder and awe since the beginning of human civilization, it was not until 1610 that its true nature was discovered by Galileo when he turned his small refracting telescope toward the night sky to reveal that the Milky Way was composed of countless individual stars, nebula and other astronomical bodies, many of which remained mysterious and unknown well into the 20th century.
From the Paper "Looking from the Earth at the Milky Way, one obtains two distinct views--first, in the direction of the poles, the density of the stars decreases dramatically, meaning that at the poles, the stars are far apart and are set against a very dark background. Second, looking along the equatorial plane, the closest stars are situated against a faint but luminous band, being "the blended light of billions of stars in the galaxy's disc. In 1785, astronomer William Herschel, by using a 48-inch reflector telescope of his own construction, counted the stars in more than 600 regions of the sky and concluded that "the majority are concentrated along a plane and that the galaxy is disc-shaped with the Sun at its center" (Parker, 1988, 156). "
Abstract This paper looks at black holes in terms of the most prevalent theories. It first, defines what we have come to understand as a black hole. It then touches upon how black holes are documented and measured. Thirdly, it examines the black hole believed to be at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. Finally, it explores the prevalent hypothesis that black holes are in fact the genesis of all galaxies.
From the Paper "Gravity is the cause of black holes. A black hole is the unlimited and irresistible force of ultimate gravity in the universe. To understand how a black hole is created, it is helpful to understand a bit about the basics of gravity. Imagine shooting an arrow into the sky. The harder you shoot the arrow, the farther it will go in attempting to escape the pull of the Earth's gravity. If you were to use a big enough bow with enough force you could help the arrow reach speeds exceeding 7miles per second which is the escape velocity for the Earth. Escape velocity indicates the minimum speed necessary to beat the pull of the planet's gravitational core (Cowen , 390). The strength of the gravitational pull of the core is determined by the density and mass of the core. The denser and more massive that the core is, the greater the gravitational pull. If you were to drop a ball to the center of the earth, the gravitational forces would crush it into an ever shrinking volume requiring even greater amounts of force to help it reach escape velocity. As the greatest theoretical speed for any physical object in the universe is that of light (which travels at 186 thousand miles per second) a mass large and dense enough can actually exert so much force that not even light can achieve escape velocity. The object that can pull even light into it and keep it from escaping is a black hole."
From the Paper "Cygnus A is the best known of the group of dumbbell galaxies. It consists of two nuclei in a common halo. It could be an extreme case of double galaxies. Galaxies are often radio sources.. Cygnus A is so-called because of the constellation in which it is located.. The galaxies at the center of radio star Cygnus A are photographed with the 200-inch telescope. These galaxies are practically at the limit of present optical observation. However, they are one of the strongest radio sources in the sky. Minkowski interprets Cygnus A as two galaxies, of about 100 billion stars each, in head-on collision - a catastrophe of tremendous magnitude. A different interpretation is that these two galaxies are the fragments of one original galaxy undergoing fission, that is, blowing apart in an explosion that must be just as violent as Minkowski's ... "
Abstract This paper discusses the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the first Earth-orbiting reflecting telescope. The paper examines how the Hubble Space Telescope serves a vital function in increasing our knowledge of the universe. The paper explains that since its launch in 1990, despite several crucial problems, it has revealed a universe full of mysterious bodies, nebula, star systems and galaxies and has expanded the possibilities that humankind is not alone in the universe.
From the Paper "The first scientific idea for a telescope such as the HST came about in 1946 when Lyman Spitzer issued a proposal for a space telescope with a primary mirror between sixteen and fifty feet in diameter. Throughout the 1960's and 1970's, with the ultraviolet observatories OAO-2, OAO 3 and the IUE in the planning stages, the space telescope remained only a dream, due to the lack of technology. Yet Spitzer did not give up, for by the 1970's he had offered another proposal for a space telescope which would be able to provide images of very faint objects as contrasted to ground-based telescopes which suffer from distortion due to the Earth's atmosphere. According to Spitzer, such a telescope would not "supplement our present ideas of the universe we live in, but rather would uncover new phenomena not yet imagined and perhaps would modify profoundly our basic concepts of space and time" (42)."
Abstract The paper discusses how handwritten script and the printed book cannot be considered equally responsible for the development of typographic man. The paper analyzes Alison Harwood's review of McLuhan's "The Gutenberg Galaxy". Rather, as this essay will contend, while script was important as a media for millennia, it was only through print technology that the signifying symbols of script could be mass produced in fixed, essentially identical, formats. The paper concludes that it was this mass production of fixed texts that altered human culture on such a broad scale as to lead to the development of what McLuhan terms the "typographic man".
From the Paper "Alison Harwood, in her review of Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, describes the key components of McLuhan's theory of how the development of print technology led to a fundamental transformation of human culture and human perception of the world. Print technology involved the mechanization of the scribal craft. This allowed the production of consistently identical texts and led to uniformity and homogeneity of spelling and grammar, ultimately promoting individual authorship and the ownership of intellectual property."
Abstract This paper discusses how one of the most important questions posed by astronomers and cosmologists revolves around exactly how the universe was created and how the original view that that universe is infinite with no beginning and no end has shown to be inaccurate. The paper examines the conception of the Big Bang which has forced scientists to view the creation of the universe as a finite phenomenon, possessing a history and a beginning. In addition, the paper looks at exactly what the Big Bang was and how it influenced the formation of galaxies, nebula and planets.
From the Paper "In the late 1970's, the study of the most elementary particles of matter became connected with the sciences of astronomy and cosmology, a good example being the "symbiotic relationship between cosmology and the study of elementary particle physics provided by the conjunction of high precision experiments" at the European Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland, and cosmological theories on nuclear reactions which occurred only seconds after the Big Bang (Sullivan 2004, p.167). These two approaches have revealed a myriad variety of an elemental particles known as neutrinos, "ghostly particles which interact so weakly with every other form of matter that they are extremely hard to detect," even though they pass through the bodies of every human being every single second (Sullivan 2004, p.168)."
Abstract This paper covers the following topics: what are supernovae; the history of the supernovae; supernovae in our Galaxy: how they are formed; nomenclature; how they affect us.
From the Paper " A supernova is the cataclysmic explosion of a big mass star, which releases a huge quantity of light instantaneously, occurring approximately twice per century. Astronomers have been observing supernovae in our skies since the times of Christian Huygens, Simon Marius, Messier, Brache and Kepler. Fritz Zwicky was the first to use the term supernova to describe lights that were much brighter than any other star or planetary body visible in the sky. "
Abstract This paper takes a critical look at the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe", by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee. It discusses their theories of the beginning of life on Earth and additional theories to life on other planets. It challenges their research and data and offers other explanations and theories.
From the Paper "Was the occurrence of complex life on the planet Earth an isolated event or simply the next logical step in evolution? Ward and Brownlee seem to believe complex life is unique to our home world or at least extremely scarce in the Universe.1 In addition to the factors in their Rare Earth equation, mentioned in their book are some specific factors peculiar to Earth that may have affected the development of complex life. Beginning with the planet Mars, W&B argue that the fossil record shows that the cooling Earth developed bacterial life as soon as conditions permitted. They suggest that this may be because the bacteria first developed on Mars, which cooled earlier, and that perhaps Earth was then seeded with these bacteria carried by meteorites reaching our planet after having been ejected from Mars by asteroid impacts. The low gravity of Mars makes this more likely, and it is estimated that ten percent of meteors ejected from Mars may impact Earth. A system lacking a Mars-like planetary companion might have been slower to develop bacterial life."
This paper examines two works ? H.G. Wells? "Time Machine" and Ursula K. LeGuin's "The Left Hand of Darkness" ? as exemplars of works in which human nature is changed nearly beyond our ability to recognize it.
Abstract The following paper explores the way in which these authors manipulate the role of gender in human life, thus undercutting one of the most important markers we each have for self-identification. This essay examines these two works and the way gender is constructed and reconstructed within them by providing a very brief summary of each to provide the groundwork for analysis.
From the Paper ?Both of these works fall within the mainstream of science fiction, which is not to say that they are not deeply original works but rather that they engage themselves with the core questions of the genre. Science fiction is simply the fictional treatment in a variety of media (including books, magazines, movies, television, CDs and the Internet) of the effects of science or future events on human beings. Science fiction deals with events that did not happen, may have happened, or have not yet happened, mixing speculation with rational consideration of events and is primarily concerned with the impact of change on people (Wayne 19).?
Abstract The paper describes a black hole as a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull. Black holes are thought to be formed from stars or other massive objects when they collapse from their own gravity to form an object whose density is infinite. This paper covers the topic of black holes including definition, origin, history and size.
From the Paper "In the 1930s, researchers began to prove that black holes may actually exist. They showed that when a sufficiently massive star runs out of fuel, it is unable to support itself against its own gravitational pull and should collapse into a black hole.
"The term "black hole" was coined by physicist John Archibald Wheeler coined in the 1960s. So why did Wheeler choose to call them black holes? The main reason was since no light can escape from inside a black hole, it seemed logical. Before Wheeler invented the term, black holes were commonly referred to as ?frozen stars.? "
Abstract The paper defines black holes and explains what they are made up of. The paper explores common misconceptions surrounding black holes, as well as other mysteries. Finally the paper examines theories regarding how black holes eventually end.
From the Paper "Black holes, one of space's greatest phenomenons, appear to be tremendous concentrations of matter, usually at the center of a galaxy; however, smaller back holes are possible. The matter is in the form of neutrons, protons, and electrons, tightly packed together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The beautifully descriptive name comes from the fact that light cannot exit from a Black hole. They are suspected to form in the death and collapse of a star that began with more than10 times the sun's mass (those with less mass become white dwarfs or neutron stars)."
