Abstract
This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.

From the Paper
"Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."

Tags:cockpit, aircraft, pilot, jet, ejection

Abstract
This paper reviews an article that describes a study on exercise physiology and its relation to insulin resistance. The review presents the aim and hypothesis of the article in Part I. Part II of the paper consists of a critique and evaluation of the scientific merit of the study. The review concludes that the rationale for designing a study to probe the question of how much exercise and at what level is required in order to facilitate fatty acid utilization, was well founded.

Outline
Part I: Summary
Part II: Critique

From the Paper
"The hypothesis of the study is that fatty acids are available for energy even following short-term exercise (109). In other words, the authors designed this study to test the notion that fatty acid utilization could be increased even following lower levels of physical exertion and exercise. If this proved to be the case, then it would open up an incredible wealth of exercise methods and regiments for counteracting insulin resistance."

Tags:Insulin, resistance, exercise, physiology

Abstract
In this essay, the writer reviews a 2006 article on the role of HLA-G in human pregnancy. The writer discusses pregnancy loss due to miscarriages or spontaneous abortion. Further, the writer looks at incompatibility between the DNA and RNA of the fetus and the mother.

From the Paper
'Hunt, Langat, McIntire and Morales working via grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) reported on a series of studies conducted by researchers at the U Center for Reproductive Sciences that focused on pregnancy in mammals featuring hemochorial placentation which introduces a major conflict with a mother's immune system. Drawing upon both the literature and results of their own studies the authors identify strategies for preventing mothers from rejecting their genetically different fetuses such as the production of novel ..."

Tags:pregnancy, immunology, HLA-G, gene, immune system, miscarriage, fetus, DNA, RNA

Abstract
The paper contends that police training on deadly force is a necessary prerequisite for social order and to maintain the efficiency and integrity of the security forces. The paper addresses the necessary components of police training on deadly force, how it can benefit society and whether it is an organizational or social issue. The paper is explanatory but also presents a comprehensive model of police training on deadly force based on the best practices presented by the literature.

From the Paper
"Police training on deadly force is a necessary prerequisite for social order and to maintain the efficiency and integrity of the security forces. This is a rather `strong' and profound statement, but is needed in order to present the major facets of this paper. What are the necessary components of police training on deadly force? How can it benefit society? Is it an organizational or social issue? The major segments of this paper will focus on the points above. It will be explanatory but will also present a comprehensive model of police training on deadly force based on the best practices presented by the literature. It is clear that there are..."

Tags:police, training, deadly force

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth examination of the issue of force used by police officers, which has been a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. According to the paper, in most cases police managers have the ability of selecting their own rules in relation to force that is used. However, the general standard is that police officers use force that is appropriate to the situation. This leads to subjective views on force and creates issues within the police department of the country that require attention.

From the Paper
"The issue of force used by police officers has been a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. In most cases police managers have the ability of selecting their own rules in relation to force that is used, however, the general standard is that police officers use force that is appropriate to the situation. This leads to subjective views on force and creates issues within the police department of the country that require attention. While most police officers are not tasked with using any form of force, there is an alternative to excessive force when force is required by police..."

Tags:police, force, issue

Abstract
The paper explores the role of race in police use of force. The paper explains what is necessary force vs. excessive force and discusses the conditions under which excessive force is permissible. The paper also discusses police attitudes toward African Americans and other minorities.

From the Paper
"Few people would argue about the statement that police officers have a tough job. Law enforcement officers must deal with some of the worst problems in our society. Police also have a significant amount of discretion and power which some abuse. Critics of police abuse suggest that one of the most effective tools for dealing with police abuse of power is the existence of an independent watchdog agency empowered to handle citizen complaints and armed with enough power to publish its findings and enforce its recommendations."

Tags:The, role, of, race, in, police, use, of, force

Abstract
This paper discusses two positions that are suggested as being the most dangerous; the Air Force's Special Operations and the Air Force's nuclear corps. The paper asserts that the dangers involved are considered both reasonable and acceptable given the fact that the US military is an all volunteer corps. The paper posits that these positions contribute to social utility and the special operations are finally deemed to be the most dangerous position in the Air Force because it places the members in direct danger on a more regular basis.

From the Paper
"This document discusses which position in the Air Force is the most dangerous. The two positions that are suggested as being the most dangerous are the Air Force's Special Operations and the Air Force's nuclear corps. The dangers involved are considered both reasonable and acceptable given the fact that the US military is an all volunteer corps. In the end, these positions contribute to social utility and the special operations are finally deemed to be the most dangerous position in the Air Force because it places the members in direct danger on a more regular..."

Tags:dangerous, job, air force

Abstract
This paper examines the historical development of constitutional oversight of the actions of law enforcement officers, the development of the reasonable force standard. Incidents of excessive force and their community implications are used to illustrate public perception versus practical application of this standard. Gender issues are explored as well as statistical studies of use of force incidents.

Tags:police, use of force, issues

Abstract
This essay addresses the question of what it means to say that the Canadian population is (re)produced from the perspective of Labor Force Reproduction. This process is shown to be determined by the intersection of fertility and immigration and, over time, to have shaped the economic structures of society in the interest of big business. The writer discusses that the Labor Force Reproduction model is used to explain not only how a labor force reproduces itself from generation to generation, but also how it reproduces itself on a daily basis in order to ensure the continuation of production over time.

From the Paper
"Reproduction has a number of different dimensions. There is, of course, biological reproduction by which individuals procreate. There is also social and institutional reproduction as social structures and institutions renew themselves and change over time. The value of Labor Force Reproduction as a model for social scientists is that it enables them to analyze ALL of the labor that is conducted in a given society. For example, one of the basic assumption of the Labor Force Reproduction model is that much of the labor in our society is unpaid."

Tags:force

Abstract
An analysis of deadly force in American policing including policies in different jurisdictions and departments. The paper includes an analysis of statistics and comparisons of deadly force incidents among departments with varying numbers of officers, serving in various sizes of cities -- Washington D.C., New York City.

From the Paper
"At the same time as we delegate the use of force to police officers, we expect those officers to use that force judiciously. In the guidelines for every police department there is language that states that each and every citizen's life has value. Society does not take lightly police officers' use of excessive or unnecessary force. If, in an instant heat of the moment, an officer makes the fatal decision to intentionally use deadly force, to shoot to kill, he must later justify his action. A killing by an officer, lacking jury or judge, will later be minutely scrutinized from all angles. An internal affairs investigation begins immediately after a fatal shooting. If there is public outcry that the use of deadly force was not justified, the officer will be demonized as "trigger happy". If the public and the media support the officer's action, he will be pronounced a hero. (DOJ 2002)
"Surprisingly, the technical legal definition of what constitutes deadly force varies from one police department to another. In some jurisdictions, there must be officer intent for a killing to be considered deadly force. The officer must have aimed his weapon, fired, and killed; or intentionally run over someone with his vehicle and killed; for the killing to be considered deadly force. Other jurisdictions include in their definition of deadly force, force which results in death, whether the death was intentional or not. The use of chokeholds, for example, have been banned in many jurisdictions, because of the number of deaths they cause. Likewise, the use of pepper spray, while an offender is in restraints, has caused a number of deaths, and also has been banned by many departments. The list goes on. People have died after being shot by police Tasers. The Taser, generally considered a non-lethal weapon, can in fact be lethal if used on certain people. People with drugs in their systems or those that suffer from certain medical conditions have died from being shot by the "non-lethal Taser". An officer has no way of knowing what an individual may have ingested, or an individual's medical condition before he shoots."

Tags:policing statistics, deadly force, lethal force