Abstract
This paper outlines and discusses the authors' research on crossing the different alleles of fruit flies to determine the phenotypic ratio of an unknown cross, which is undertaken to become familiar with Mendelian genetics by using the Punnet Square and the Chi Square to predict the outcomes. The paper explains that Gregor Mendel is the man responsible for discovering the basic laws that explain how traits are inherited from parent to offspring. The paper clarifies that an allele is a specific version of a gene, while a gene is simply the DNA that codes for one protein. Also, a phenotype is a physical characteristic while genotypes deal with the genetic makeup. The paper notes that 61% of human genetic diseases have been found in fruit flies as well, which allows scientists to test possible methods of treatment on flies. The paper concludes that the researcher's null hypothesis was rejected, and that the experiment could have been improved by increasing the number of flies that were observed. Several tables are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References

From the Paper
" It is also important to be familiar with the Punnet Square. It is used to figure out the possible outcomes of a cross between parents with known genotypes (Douglas, 1989). The first generation is the P generation, which are the parents. The next generation is the F1 generation, which is the first hybrid offspring in a series of genetic crosses. The following F2 generation is the offspring resulting from the interbreeding of the F1 generation. The Chi Square Statistical Test is used to analyze Mendelian genetics data and test the results. Scientists use the chi square test to determine the difference between the observed and expected results (Kohler, 1994). To determine the expected chi-square value we use a chart with degree of freedom (the number of categories subtracted by one) and the p-value, which is the probability that the deviation between your observed and expected values could have occurred due to chance alone (Orel, 1996)."

Tags:Punnet Square dominant recessive genes p-value, interbreeding

Abstract
The paper looks at the famous William Golding text, "Lord of the Flies", and interprets the novel using the political science concept of totalitarianism as a conceptual guide or as a framework for analysis. The paper demonstrates how Golding's celebrated 1954 novel is really an allegory for the modern-day totalitarian state and that the island bears many features of a classic totalitarian society.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at the famous William Golding text, "Lord of the Flies", and interprets the novel using the political science concept of totalitarianism as a conceptual guide or as a framework for analysis. What will become clear is that Golding's celebrated 1954 novel is really an allegory for the modern-day totalitarian state: there is the powerful leader who rules by personal fiat and by force of will (not via the democratic appointment of his peers); there is the usage of mass-surveillance by the tribe - a mass-surveillance that is never more evident than when one of the twins pinpoints Ralph's location; there is..."

Tags:lord, flies, totalitarianism

Abstract
The paper discusses various leadership styles in William Golding's "Lord of the Flies". The paper includes an outline.

Tags:Lord of the Flies, leadership

Abstract
This paper examines the Dole Fruit ad campaign set to target a group of consumers whose lives are busy and whose lifestyles do not allow them to make the wisest nutritional choices possible. The paper explains that Dole wants to encourage their consumers to trust and take advantage of the added nutritional values that the Dole products have and the affordability they offer.The writer explains the SWOT analysis and discusses the company's objective (as set in the SWOT analysis) - to remind the consumer that Dole offers a superior product at a very competitive price. The writer also discusses the costs involved in the marketing plan and explains that the budget must be approved before final approval of the campaign can be made.

Outline:
Objectives
SWOT
Target Market
Campaign Message
Tracking, Feedback and Control
Effective Feed Back Mechanism
Campaign Distribution
Feedback Mechanism
Costs

From the Paper
"The advertising campaign should be set for the winter months starting in November and set to run approximately 3 to 4 months. Also the target groups of this campaign are those who wish to maintain the nutritional benefits and benefit from cost savings. They are concerned with trying to maintain healthy diets and offer this same to their families (i.e. children, spouses, parents, and friends)."

Tags:canned, fruits, and, vegetales, winter, nutrition, healthy, diet, SWOT

Abstract
This paper argues that "Lord of the Flies", which is no different from any other work that has been considered controversial throughout time, should not be censored nor should any other literary works. The author stresses that, just as Christian-themed works have the right to express their views of society and what is correct behavior so, too, should works like "Lord of the Flies" be permitted to express their sentiment freely. The paper relates that a theme of the book includes the notion that evil is a necessary part of human nature, which is considered by the censors to be demoralizing as it implies that a man is little more than an animal.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of Censorship
Censorship and "Lord of the Flies"
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Censorship is not a foreign concept in the world of literature. In fact, for centuries books have been banned at various points of society. There are many circumstances under which books might be banned. Censorship actually happens even in modern times. Censorship is generally inspired for a variety of reasons. In the case of the "Lord of the Flies" censorship is usually cited based on the notion that the book is violent and oppressive, goes against religious ideals and expresses the notion that man is by nature evil and savage."

Tags:limiting, violent, animal, christian, savage

Abstract
This paper depicts, in detail, the life of Billie Holiday, including her pre-fame years. It tells of her rise to stardom and how her performances of "Strange Fruit" projected her as the face of an anti-racism movement. It also includes Abel Meeropol, the writer of "Strange Fruit", and the effect that the song had on listeners in the South.

From the Paper
"Billie Holiday is considered by many to be one of the greatest music legends of all time. Her unique style and diction led to her popularity, along with her controversial hit "Strange Fruit". "Strange Fruit" was a criticism of the way blacks had been treated in the south; it referred to the hanging of blacks from trees. Holiday collaborated with several famous artists of the time, including Count Basie and Artie Shaw. Her impact on music history is immeasurable, as well as her influence on artists of the later 20th century."

Tags:meeropol, strange, african, american, black, south, race, music

Abstract
This reality is examined within the context of how U.S. foreign policy in Latin America provided much needed stability in political and economic matters in general. The negative side of the United Fruit Company is shown, as well as the dark side of American imperialism in the region. Nonetheless, the paper argues that these phenomena are complex, and that the positive aspects of U.S. policy in the region must be kept in mind. The United Fruit Company serves as a good example of the redeeming quality of the American presence in the hemisphere.

Abstract
This paper explains how experience alters the synaptic organization of the brain in species as diverse as fruit flies and humans and, although evidence that these changes are functionally meaningful is more difficult to collect, there is little doubt that changes in synaptic organization are correlated with changes in behavior. It looks at how activity initiated by experience or behavior could, therefore, increase the activity of genetic mechanisms responsible for dendritic and synaptic growth and, ultimately, behavioral change.

From the Paper
"Therefore, animals with extensive dendritic growth, relative to untreated animals show facilitated performance on numerous types of behavioral measures in contrast to animals with atrophy in dendritic arborization that show a decline in behavioral capacity (Whishaw Pp). Similarly, factors that enhance dendritic growth, nerve growth factor, facilitate behavioral outcome, while factors that block dendritic growth, brain injury at birth in rats, retard functional outcomes (Whishaw Pp). Although studies have stressed that changes in dendritic morphology, there are multiple, and likely dissociable, changes in the neuron morphology that correlate behavioral change, including "increases in dendritic length, dendritic branching pattern, spine density, synapse number, synapse size, glial size and number, and metabolic activity" (Whishaw Pp)."

Tags:dendritic, synapic, function, genetic

Abstract
This paper takes a look at Thomas Hunt Morgan. According to the paper, Morgan was an American pioneer in the fields of genetics and embryology. The paper discusses Morgan's studies of mutation in Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly.

Outline:
Early Influences
Work in Embryology
Drosophila
Recognition and Continuing Influence

From the Paper
"The early 20th century ushered in considerable interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and Morgan was no exception. While Morgan agreed with evolution as a given, he wanted to know more about how natural selection occurs. The future Nobel Prize winner was interested in further explanations on the role of heredity in the transmission of variations among the species."
"Morgan was also interested in the work of geneticist Georg Mendel, who studied chromosomes. In 1910, Morgan publicly disagreed with the prevailing notion in embryology, that a fully-formed adult was already locked inside the ova or sperm cell. Rather, Morgan argued that there was no single chromosome that guaranteed the heredity of specific traits (Shine and Wrobel 1976)."

Tags:pink, eyes, mutations, nobel, Hugo, De, Vries, mutant, wings

Abstract
This paper describes a lab experiment looking at phenotype patterns of inheritance in wild-type and white-eyed type of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The paper explains the principles of Mendelian heredity and discusses the transmission of traits.

From the Paper
"Mendel first began the study of heredity in using common garden peas. He conducted controlled mating experiments looking at two variants of seven different traits, including plant size, pod color, and fruit shape and color and from his ..."

Tags:Drosophila melanogaster, wild-type, reciprocal cross, phenotype, genotype