Abstract
This paper analyzes the fragility of new revolutionary governments. It compares and contrasts two revolutions in order to explain its points. It looks at the French Revolution of 1789 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The paper discusses each revolution and shows why the new government in each case was a fragile and unstable political environment.

From the Paper
"From outside China, Sun and other revolutionaries attempted to form a new revolutionary party. Sun, having noted that Shikai had out manoeuvred the revolutionaries at every turn, decided to consolidate the various factions into one larger group that could respond better to the President's actions. Sun was to be in total control of this confederation of rebel organizations. Thus even the revolutionaries of China had reverted to an authoritarian model, one that many of the smaller revolutionary sects considered completely wrong. It was during this time of tenuous and dispirited rebel planning to topple Shakai that World War I erupted, and parts of China were occupied by Japan, completely disrupting the revolutionary process and leaving Shakai more or less completely unopposed."

Tags:confederation, party, Napoleon, constitution

Abstract
This paper examines how every country on the face of the globe has experienced some form of revolution in its near or distant past. The paper further considers commonalities in revolutions, which tend to proceed in phases that define the characteristics and nature of the conflict. This discussion compares and contrasts the timelines and phases of the French Revolution, Russian Revolution, Chinese Revolution, Mexican Revolution, Iranian Revolution, and Nicaraguan Revolution.

From the Paper
"As a survey of history reveals, every country on the face of the globe has experienced some form of revolution in its near or distant past. Interestingly, many of these revolutions were short lived while others lasted many years or even decades. Revolutions also tend to proceed in phases that define the characteristics and nature of the conflict. In light of these observations, the following discussion compares and contrasts the timelines and phases of the French Revolution, Russian..."

Tags:comparative revolutions, french revolution, russian

Abstract
The paper is an account of the Chinese revolution including Sun Yat-Sen, the Ch'ing Dynasty, the Wen Zi Yu laws , the Confucius way of thinking, and a biography of Lu Xun himself. It discusses how Lu Xun was able to capture the essence of the Chinese people during the revolutionary times. It also details the significance of Ah Q's name and its significance to the story. A major point that is made in this paper is how fictional Ah Q is a representation of Lu Xun's world, and how he represents the common man by giving many examples. It also demonstrates how Lu Xun's characters in "The True Story of Ah Q" represent the resistance and the promotion of the changes that were taking place in China during their revolution.

From the Paper
"The last dynasty to ever rule in China was the Qing/Ch'ing Dynasty. This particular dynasty was very corrupt and did not meet the needs of its countrymen and women. "The Ch'ing dynasty was established by the Manchus, who invaded China and captured Beijing in 1644, and lasted until 1911. The term Ch'ing means "pure," and it was used to add legitimacy to an alien rule" (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001). It is ironic to see that the term Ch'ing means 'pure', because it was anything but pure. The Ch'ing dynasty had kept its people oppressed by not responding to their everyday needs. Literature was even under attack when the Wen Zi Yu laws went into effect. The Wen Zi Yu laws outlawed anybody to write anything against the government, and it also let the government control what was acceptable and what was unacceptable (Wikipedia Encyclopedia : online source). "

Tags:ah, ch, chao, confucianism, dynasty, freedom, liberation, lu, q, qing, ren, republic, sen, sun, wen, xun, yat, yu, zi

Abstract
This paper explains that the Enlightenment greatly influenced the French and Haitian revolutions, mostly due to the rights of man as expressed in the "Declaration" and the philosophical ideals of such men as Rousseau, Diderot and Montesquieu. The author points out that the French Revolution influenced the Haitian revolt via its appeal to the white lower classes, the mulattos and freed blacks who resented the social barriers of legal discrimination within Haiti. The paper suggests that the Enlightenment not only brought about new political and social systems within France and Haiti but also caused massive unrest and much trouble for both countries.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Enlightenment
The French Revolution
The Haitian Revolution

From the Paper
"While all of this revolt was happening in France, the small Caribbean colony of Haiti was experiencing similar turmoil. The Haitian Revolution of 1789 to 1804 began as a political struggle among the free peoples of Saint Domingue, a French colony on the island of Hispaniola. The French Revolution of the same period provided the impetus for class and racial hatreds to come about on the island. Each of the colony's social classes, being the wealthy planters and merchants, and the lower white classes, seized the chance to address their grievances and bring about social chaos and revolt."

Tags:toussaint, bonaparte, declaration, secularism, rousseau

Abstract
This paper focuses on the French and Russian Revolutions. The paper explains that the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that energy systems increase their entropy, and the same may be said for revolutions. Throughout history, successful revolutions have not easily retained the social model agreed upon by revolutionary leaders. They are subject to derision. The new governments are fragile and can result in worse atrocities than the original revolution was intended to curtail. Essentially, new revolutionary governments are fragile systems, constantly at risk of melting down.

From the Paper
"The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that energy systems increase their entropy, and the same may be said for revolutions. Throughout history, successful revolutions have not easily retained the social model agreed upon by revolutionary leaders. They are subject to derision. The new governments are fragile and can result in worse atrocities than the original revolution was intended to curtail. Essentially, new revolutionary governments are fragile systems, constantly at risk of melting down."

Tags:history, social, model, thermodynamics

Abstract
This paper relates that, although the French and American Revolutions began with similar ideologies, they ended differently.

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of four different articles. The articles that the paper reviews, discuss the different revolutions of China and what common factors they have. The paper also discusses the question 'what were the strengths of these parties and how have they affected China today?' And 'What part did the elites and social groups have in the revolutions? '

From the Paper
"Discussions of the Red Party and various revolutionary parties in China are often discussed, but what were the strengths of these parties and how have they affected China today? What part did the elites and social groups have in the revolutions? Revolutionaries needed the support of the people in masses in order to achieve their goals. Comparing Mao's analysis of social foundations of Communist support and Nationalists in the Chinese Communist Party with a study on class analysis of Maurice Meisner's and Mary Wrights viewpoints will show that there are common threads in all of the revolutionists."

Tags:china, revolutions, economics

Abstract
This paper examines two of the historically most consequential revolutions of modern times: The American Revolution and the French Revolution. The paper discusses how the revolutions are linked in terms of their chronological proximity to each other as well as by the fact that some of the same people were involved in both revolutions. Four particular aspects of each of the revolutions are presented and studied in comparison with the other revolution. These are: 1) The intellectual origins of these revolutions; 2) The range of socio-economic, and politico-religious factors that fed into the revolutionary attitudes of the peoples; 3) The institutional transformations that occurred as a result of each of these revolutions; 4) An assessment of the historical importance and historical consequences of each of the revolutions.

From the Paper
"The intellectual origins of both of these revolutions are strikingly similar. The majority of intellectual antecedents were contemporary, or nearly contemporary, to the revolutions themselves but some were already hundreds of years old. When we read documents like the Declaration of Independence we find ourselves in awe of both the personal courage and the intellectual acumen of the men who wrote such words. But while they were certainly both brave and wise they did not in fact have to create the justifications for revolution that they depended upon out of whole cloth."

Tags:history, society, europe, enlightenment, colonies, quakers, locke, civil, war

From the Paper
"The Chinese Revolution in 1949 altered the structure of Chinese society both in the immediate case and in the long term. The long term change included modernization of the economy and a shift. The effort to change Chinese society began before the Revolution, with the efforts of the Communists first to attract people to their cause and second to make that cause understandable as a force which would empower the people and lead them to revolution. After the Revolution, efforts at changing society were undertaken in a more methodical and all-inclusive manner. Many traditional institutions were either dismantled, prohibited, or downgraded in the effort to modernize and to bring about a new political and social attitude on the part of the people.

These efforts had varying results and were of varying effectiveness. Some traditional institutions persisted in spite of Communist..."

Tags:CHINA

Abstract
The paper addresses how the European interests in Asia and Africa were both similar and different and discusses the major points of contact by the Chinese and Japanese. The paper looks at the impact of slavery on Africa, the Americas and global trade. This work also discusses how Louis XIV's rule set in motion the issues that caused the French Revolution. The paper explores what business and economic issues cause people in capitalist systems to be dissatisfied with the old regimes and also examines how Napoleon's rule of his empire impacted Europe in both positive and negative ways.

From the Paper
"It was only possible for this transfer after international trade had ensued. In fact the only time that Europe had an actual interest in common relating to Asia and Africa was during this time and was related to the transfer of the wealth of those two countries to Europe. Walter (1973) reveals that: "Europeans used the superiority of their ships and cannon to gain control of all the world's waterways, starting with the western Mediterranean and the Atlantic coast of North Africa." And it was through controlling the waterways, or the seas that "Europe took the first steps towards transforming the several parts of Africa and Asia into economic satellites." (Walter, 1973) Walter (1973) relates as well that from the very first of the international trading system "Europe assumes the power to make decisions..." (Walter, 1973) In fact the country of Africa had no part in the making of these laws and according to Walter (1973) "African people were simply the victims, for the law recognized them only as transportable merchandise. If the African slave was thrown overboard at sea, the only legal problem that arose was whether or not the slave-ship could claim compensation from the insurers!" (Walter, 1973)"

Tags:ships, waterway, Asia, Africa