Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at freedom of expression in Canada, which is considered one of the nation's mostenduring values. According to the paper, freedom of expression has a purpose in strengthening democracy at a fundamental level by allowing individual voices to contribute, confront and exchange information and ideas. Additionally, the paper notes that in a society where it is possible to share ideas rather than submit them to hierarchical modalities of suppression, people operate in a common space where all are heard, and every option is examined in the public sphere.

From the Paper
"Freedom of expression is one of our most enduring values, and has a purpose in strengthening democracy at a fundamental level by allowing individual voices to contribute, confront and exchange information and ideas. In a society where it is possible to share ideas rather than submit them to hierarchical modalities of suppression, we thereby allow people to operate in a common space where all are heard, and every option is examined in the public sphere. The challenge to this ideal situation comes when we have to balance an interest in the right to freedom of expression and other human rights as..."

Tags:freedom, rights, canada

Abstract
The paper discusses freedom of speech in the American and the Mexican systems in light of the fact that the two countries are growing closer together in trade. The paper states that American individuals and businessmen need to understand the differences in the laws and customs on freedom of speech, as well as other cultural and legal differences between the two countries, in order to understand the meaning of actions and statements made by Mexican leaders. Examining the issue of freedom of speech in Mexico as compared to the U.S. can illustrate the differences and some of the reasons for those differences. The paper concludes that both systems are protected and neither can be seen as perfect in the degree to which it protects these freedoms. The Mexican government wants to be represented well in American thinking and to work with the American government for an improved economic situation for Mexico. Freedom of expression has been guaranteed by the Mexican Constitution, and now that promise has to be strengthened in order to assure that it is maintained.

Introduction
Mexico and the U.S.
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Expression
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The United States has a long tradition of political freedom, while Mexico does not. The United States as a nation is more than 225 years old, while Mexico as a nation is a little more than a century old. The United States emerged from its Revolution as a country with a new form of government, one crated as a counter to the kind of rigid and hierarchical society the settlers had known in Europe. In the U.S., freedom of speech is divided into freedom of speech and freedom of the press as related concepts differentiated largely by whether the expression is written in a publication or expressed verbally or through actions (in some cases). Case law has established both these types of expression as fundamental rights based on their inclusion in the Bill of Rights in the First Amendment."

Tags:founding, fathers, constitution, a, dictatorship, censorship, political, culture, protections, iachr, pri, co-option

Abstract
This paper examines John Stuart Mill's view on freedom of expression and the liberal stance that he takes toward it. It also analyzes the way in which Mill believes freedom of expression impacts individual development.

From the Paper
"In On Liberty, John Stuart Mill offers a grand and sweeping defense of the principle of liberty. Mill defends the principle on two grounds: it enables individuals to realize their unique, individual potential, and by liberating individual talents, creativity, and spontaneity, it provides the essential nurturing for moral and intellectual progress. Freedom of expression is especially significant to his theory of liberty, as it plays a vital role in individual development. Crucial to Mill's theory as well is his belief that interference with individual liberty is never justified unless it is to prevent harm to others. This, in turn, leads to Mill's liberal view on freedom of expression, as he allows for little legitimate interference in this sphere, arguing instead for the fullest liberty in professing and discussing opinions, ideas, and doctrines."

Tags:belief, development, individual, liberty, scanlon, utilitarianism, vital

Abstract
This paper discusses freedom of expression in Canada in terms of assessing at what point freedom of speech becomes undemocratic, how hate speech is controlled, and what government policy makers, the Canadian media, and the general public think about the issue.

Abstract
This paper explains that the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) consistently has held that public figures must tolerate more from the press than "the average citizen"; however, the definition of a "public figure is not shared among national and European courts and within the jurisprudence of the ECtHR there has been inconsistencies in its definition. Next, the author reviews twenty-six cases seeking a common definition of "public figures" as related to Article 10 case law. The paper concludes that the Court's approach to defining the term "public figure" is still far from satisfactory; thereby, the Court needs to establish greater consistency in its approach to this definition if the right to freedom of expression and of the personal rights of individuals are to be adequately protected. The paper includes footnotes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Definition of "Public Figure" in Article 10 Case Law
Is the Court's Approach Satisfactory?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Equally, in Brasilier v. France , the ECtHR reiterated the assertion that politicians, as persons who have willingly placed themselves on a public platform, must endure harsher criticism than private individuals. The Court further reminded the parties that the Convention will be extremely reluctant in allowing restrictions on freedom of expression where political discourse or matters of public interest are at issue.
"The characterisation of politicians as quintessentially "public figures" was affirmed again in the more recent cases of Dabrowski v. Poland and Lepojic v. Serbia , both of which concerned the right of mayors to protection of their "reputation and rights". The Court held that there was a breach of the right to freedom of expression since the individuals claiming defamation had, by virtue of their position in society, opened themselves up to public scrutiny and even potentially defamatory statements.
"The ECtHR has also commented on the scope of permissible criticism being proportionate to the subject's statements or behaviour. In Lindon and Ors. v. France Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader of the Front National, was the subject of a novel in which he was accused, albeit indirectly, of advocating racist killings."

Tags:legitimacy, degree of tolerance, public debate, functional test, outdated

Abstract
This paper looks at three famous legal cases in the United States which resulted in landmark decisions regarding the boundaries to freedom of expression. In each case, the paper discusses the events leading up to the case, the arguments presented on both sides, and the final Supreme Court ruling.

From the Paper
"Freedom of expression plays an important role in the doctrines of human liberty. However not every country grants this right to its citizens. There are many countries in the world where freedom of expression is still a contentious issue and which have been categorized by Freedom House as not being entirely free. The United States of America is one country where the constitution gives every American the freedom of speech and expression. However there have been cases where American citizens have misused this law to their own advantage. Freedom of expression and speech is a right to use and not to abuse."

Tags:texas, vs., johnson, reno, vs., aclu, rav, vs., st, paul, american, flag, speech, constitutional, rights

Abstract
The paper argues that schools, by their very nature, must encourage free inquiry and free expression of ideas. Oral expression is needed as a learning mechanism, as well as a psychological outlet. The paper argues that schools, both public and private, should provide opportunities for students and teachers to express themselves orally, with the understanding that measures of protection are in place which will allow for this expression.

From the Paper
"In many communities around the country, however, school administrators and librarians are under heavy pressure from religious and other groups to censor what students read and study. Teachers are becoming self-censoring in the selection process, making every effort to make "safe" book choices. These practices aren't eliminating the problem, they're only amplifying it . Educators cannot, for the sake of the students, allow themselves to be pressured into diluting their curriculum into superficial facts."

Tags:obscenity, slander, ACLU, NCTE

Abstract
This paper explains that, because the laws of all three nations-the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada-are based on the same underlying body of law, loosely described as English jurisprudence-the right to freedom of speech/expression in all three is quite similar. This paper compares the three country's laws and regulations regarding this issue.

From the Paper
"A flap in town council demonstrates the principle of free speech as practiced in the U.K. As the result of an insult flung about in the council chambers, one of the government/political people attending said something to a reporter "no gentleman would say." The commentator on the incident noted that both politicians and journalists can play rough, and, to the public mind, it is a non-starter as an issue. However, a piece of legislation was in place that was causing some discussion concerning the insulter's right to make the insult. "The real villain of the piece is an item of legislation entitled-soporifically-The Local Authorities (Model Code of Conduct) (England) Order 200." It contains a section demanding that members of city councils must "treat others with respect." This makes politeness mandatory, which also, then, limits how one may express one's self, at least if one is a council member in Great Britain. Moreover, the demand to express thoughts only in a polite manner extends to 'others' and not just voters or officials...anyone and everyone, obviously at all times. This law only applies to council members: One assumes that, except where specifically codified into law, other citizens of the U.K. can be verbally disrespectful if they wish."

Tags:right, speech

Abstract
This paper tackles the reception of and reaction to, artists and their works by society, paying particular attention to the consequences of this towards the freedom of speech. It includes close references to, amongst others, the works and observations of Eminem, Oscar Wilde and Seamus Heaney.

From the Paper
"The culture of apportioning blame onto those artists who may or may not have had a negative influence upon an individual is one that I feel to be totally flawed and in some cases completely unfair. Marshall Mathers has used various alter egos to put across his opinions and views, and through Slim Shady or Eminem I feel that many of his observations and experiences of society have been conveyed using the satire and parody these characters purvey. Unfortunately members of the public have taken it upon themselves to adjudge the responsibility of the actions of individuals who have interpreted his material in a literal manner onto Marshall Mathers himself."

Tags:geneva, convention, eminem, oscar, wilde, seamus, heaney

Abstract
The computer age has produced renewed debate pertaining to questions of freedom and speech, as opposed to censorship. This discussion ventures to explain how the advent of the so-called Information Age does not really alter the dynamics of a longstanding question, or rather a set of questions, that have been basic to political theory among other of the social sciences. Two articles selected from The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, on radically different topics, help to reveal certain approaches to all questions of communications, the media, and the 'post-modern' age, within academic research. These materials are examined en route to sections that focus directly on issues of the internet and freedom of expression.

Tags:freedom, of, expression