Abstract
This paper studies swing dancing, focusing on Frankie Manning, the father of the Lindy Hop. As the paper explains, Manning created some of the Lindy Hop's most famous moves and continues to teach it today, at the ripe old age of 90. The paper demonstrates how Manning is one of the most important swing dancers ever, detailing his influence on the genre. The paper points to Manning's role in the widespread resurgence of swing dance and swing dancing popularity today. The paper also discusses Manning's continued influence through choreographing films, Broadway shows, and television shows.

From the Paper
"The jazzy, rhythmic beat of swing music just urged people to dance, and so, a new dance form began, called "swing dance" that went along with the big band beat and rhythm. One of the first popular swing dances was the "Lindy Hop," first danced at the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem in the early 1930. Legend has it that the dance was named after Charles Lindberg and his famous solo crossing of the Atlantic in 1929. After he successfully landed in Paris, newspapers across the country reported that "Lindy Hops the Atlantic" ("Happy Feet" and Editors). In Harlem at the Savoy, the most popular swing dance was simply called the "hop." However, after Lindberg's success, "a reporter, looking at the crazy antics of the dancers at the Savoy, asked what the name of the dance was. 'It's the Lindy Hop!', came the reply. And thus the first real swing dance was born" ("Happy Feet"). The story is as plausible as any about the dance's origins. This Lindy Hop eventually evolved into a conglomerate of swing dance and jitterbug that is generally known simply as 'swing.'"

Tags:dance, hop, lindy, music, 50s, culture, swing, jazz, savoy, ballroom, harlem

Abstract
The writer presents an overview of "Students for Sale", an article that discusses the way many schools are accepting corporate money in exchange for allowing different forms of advertising and marketing in the public schools. The paper cites specific examples used by Manning where advertisers have entered the schools to promote their products to the student body. The writer looks at the reasons why schools allow such promotion on campus and relates to the benefits and harm caused by such activity.

From the Paper
"Manning analyzes the specific cases of Palmer High School in Colorado Springs, where advertising messages are found throughout the hallways, where the snack bar has new vending machines with specific companies, where computers have ad-bearing mouse pads, and where the gymnasium is decorated with banners from corporate sponsors. This explains why advertisers want to advertise, but the real question is why school districts want to be partners in this process."

Tags:school, advertising, promotion, education, marketing, sponsors, commercial

Abstract
This six-page graduate-level paper examines and analyzes manned missions to Mars, and concludes that sending human crews to explore our neighboring planet would not be a wise choice at this time. There are better alternatives, such as establishing a commercial presence in near-earth orbit and the Moon, and exploring Mars with unmanned probes.

Abstract
The paper focuses on the relationship between Frankie and Maggie, a boxing trainer and a woman desperate to become a boxer in the film "Million Dollar Baby". The paper discusses how Frankie completely rejects her as a possible boxer based solely on the fact that she is a woman, but shows how as the film progresses, Frankie becomes her manager and takes on the role of a father figure. The paper considers Maggie's spinal injury and its implications for the film's message of diversity.

From the Paper
"The popular film Million Dollar Baby, starring A-list celebrities and highly trained actors Hillary Swank, Clint Eastwood, and Morgan Freeman, is more than a captivating movie about boxing. Instead, the film forces viewers to deal with many moral and ethical issues. Early on in the film, the viewer is presented with two stereotypes--those regarding women and those regarding African-Americans. Throughout the film, Scrap, the one-time champion whose eye injury has caused him to throw in the towel, works as a janitor that his former manager and friend, Frankie, owns. Time and time again, the viewer is presented with the image of Scrap, who is often more intuitive and wiser than Frankie, with a pail and mop in his hand. As Frankie refuses to train Maggie because he "doesn't train girls," scrap is the one to ease him out of his stereotype, helping her along the way."

Tags:boxing, trainer, stereotypes, gender, injury

Abstract
This paper discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by Terrill, Paoline, and Manning, and explains that the article is about the possible connection between police culture and coercive tactics or the use of force in performance of police duties. The writer then explains the initial expectations and the findings expressed in the article and then concludes with his own response to the findings of the article.

Outline:
Introduction
Initial Expectations
Experimental Findings
Response

From the Paper
"The article accurately described the likely evolution of what it characterized as the traditional mindset reflected universally among police officer, particularly first-line police officers engaged in street patrol. According to the authors, the combined strains associated with police work in the form of perceived threat potential from citizen contacts and arbitrary, unpredictable, and punitive enforcement of procedural rules by superior officers and police administration. Those psychological strains produce an "us against them" mentality with respect to citizens and police administrators alike.
"The authors correctly defined the component elements of the described police mindset in terms of the three main contributing variables of attitude toward the public, attitude toward immediate superiors and police administration, and self-described roles as law enforcement officers. The study effectively limited the effect of extraneous factors by appropriately excluding both working environments where increased vigilance and concern for officer safety are to be expected, as well as issues corresponding to the most likely areas of idiosyncratic prejudices capable of skewing the accuracy and relevance of the results observed."

Tags:enforcement, policing, officers, crime, fighting

Abstract
This paper discusses the narratives of African-American women and their struggle to realize the American Dream. It presents these narratives from the articles in "Let Nobody Turn Us Around," edited by Marable Manning and Leith Mullings. The paper discusses how, through the struggles of African-American women, we can learn much about the goals of the Black Freedom Movement.

From the Paper
"The African American movement of the later half of the 20th century profoundly shifted from the Civil Rights movement towards the much murkier field of providing freedom and liberation for subclasses of the subjugated. In section five of "Let Nobody Turn Us Around", the reader is presented with the narratives of African American women and their struggle to realize the American Dream. The conflict embodied within these articles provides a telling struggle of a two front war. Not only were African American women victimized for their black heritage, and thus racialized and castigated by society, they also fought an internal war against the pervasive sexism of the times. Through their struggles to gain recognition not only as African Americans, but as African American women, we can learn much about the goals of the Black Freedom Movement. The cry for equality that these women iterate through their narratives is matched by the historical feminist stances of past generations. The struggle for freedom and equality voiced through the experiences of contemporary African American feminists mirrors a historical and cultural struggle for gender equality that paralleled the movement for racial equality. The crystallization of African American women's struggle for independence is emblematic of the greater struggle for independence from racial divides."

Tags:feminism, egalitarian, society, Civil, Rights

Abstract
This paper provides an analysis and critique of Manning's article which discusses the way many schools are accepting corporate money in exchange for allowing different forms of advertising and marketing in the public schools. It explains why many people are against the use of external advertisers to raise money - how the student market is very ripe for consumer purchasers, but its usually the parents who end up paying for their weaknesses.

From the Paper
"Manning analyzes the specific cases of Palmer High School in Colorado Springs. In that school, advertising messages are found throughout the hallways, the snack bar has new vending machines from specific companies, computers have ad-bearing mouse pads, and the gymnasium is decorated with banners from corporate sponsors. This explains why advertisers want to advertise, but the real question is why school districts want to be partners in this process.
The superintendent of the Colorado Springs School District cites budget cuts as a reason why schools are seeking other funding for programs and for the benefit of students. The biggest deal the district has made is with Coca Cola, giving the district $8.4 million over a period of ten years and more if it can sell more than 70,000 cases of Coke a year. Administrators have thus been urged to increase sales of Coke products in the schools. While most teachers and administrators seem happy to work with these companies, some are objecting, feeling they are being forced into the position of selling their students. The message being sent is that if the school approves of these products, the products must be good and should be consumed."

Tags:education, consumer, marketing

Abstract
In his book "Race, Reform and Rebellion", Manning Marable takes readers on an informative trip back in time to witness the lives of blacks in America from the end of World II to 1982, or what he calls the Second Reconstruction. The paper shows how, with the arrival of this Second Reconstruction, came the advancement of civil rights and the passage of laws to legislate equality among the races. The paper examines Marable's views that only the Third Reconstruction will respond to the need of economic disadvantage, the actual root of the problem.

From the Paper
"According to Marable, however, the success of the Second Reconstruction went hand-in-hand with failure. Socio-economic gains made over the past three decades for a small number of blacks, also brought increased poverty for much larger numbers remaining in the inner cities. In 1946, the South became agriculturally mechanized: Many jobs were lost, and larger numbers of blacks moved to the North. As a result, ghettos and unemployment worsened into the mid-1950s. The blacks' problem of inequality continued, says Marable, due to the socio-economic differences that were not addressed."

Tags:ghetto, poverty, oppression, unemployment, discrimination

From the Paper
"This study will analyze the misbehavior of adolescent girls as exemplified by the character of Frankie Addams in Carson McCullers' "The Member of the Wedding" and by the character of Beverly Ann Donofrio in her autobiographical "Riding in Cars With Boys". The study will consider what makes an adolescent girl a "bad girl" or a "good girl," what leads them to misbehave, how each of the two girls sees herself, how each girl's culture judges her, and how this reader sees each of them.

There are similarities and differences between the two girls in terms of why they are "bad" in the eyes of those around them. They come from very different socioeconomic backgrounds, Beverly from a poor neighborhood, Frankie from a wealthier family with a cook and other conveniences. They live in different era---Frankie in the 1940s of World War II, Beverly in the 1960s, but both eras ... "

Abstract
This paper explores several discussions about modernity and its meaning. The author explains its impact on the world as we know it.