Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the fertility rate in Third Worldcountries and its impact on consumers and laborers in both developed and Third World nations. The paper discusses the declining fertility rate world wide, and U.N. population projections. It includes an outline.
From the Paper "A Expanding world population with declining average fertility rates B The majority of the world's population and the highest fertility rates are in the Third World ..."
Tags: fertility rate, population, U.N., IMF, World Bank, literacy, birth control
Abstract This paper explores and discusses poverty in third worldcountries and in developing countries. The paper also takes a look at how poverty effects globalization. The paper further discusses Michel Chossudovsky's "The Globalization of Poverty".
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Globalization of Poverty
India's Experience With The 'Special' Funding of Agriculture
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Not long after Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in November,1991, World Bank structural adjustment loans and IMF loans were signed. "The loans were earmarked for repayment of six months of debt servicing of India's external debt totaling $80 billion, the loans helped stem a crisis of confidence on the part of international lenders." The work of Chossudovsky (1997) states that "The economy suffered from stagflation, the price of rice increasing by more than 50 percent in the months following the 1991 measures and balance-of payments continued to deteriorate as rising import costs were not able to be offset by a decline in imports of essential commodities or an increase in exports. The negative effects of the program on internal demand pushed a large number of firms into bankruptcy. The program resulted in dismissal of roughly one-fifth of the public sector work force with only a very modest "safety net". More "liberal" labor legislation may have marginalized further lower wage employees and landless farm workers as wages for these groups came under pressure while consumer prices rose." (Chossudovsky, 1997) Chossudovsky holds that "the program may well have contributed to a two-tier economy of increasing poverty for some and growing opportunity for others." (Chossudovsky, )"
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that achieving universal education is one of the UN's 8 Millennium Development Goals agreed to in 2000 by all the world's countries and the world's leading development institutions. The writer points out that although some progress has been made in increasing the level of education in most countries, a number of third worldcountries have fallen behind in their effort and are unlikely to achieve the goal by the target date of 2015. The writer outlines the benefits of education and discusses the co-relation between illiteracy and poverty. The writer then reviews the status of education in the third worldcountries. Finally, the writer enumerates the reasons for high levels of illiteracy in these countries and looks at how they can be overcome.
Outline:
Benefits of Education
Responsibility of Governments in Education and its Social Benefits
Individual/ Private Benefits
Co-relation between Poverty and Literacy
The State of Education in Third WorldCountries Reasons for the Continuing Low Education Levels
Overcoming the Barriers
References
From the Paper "There is a strong correlation between poverty and illiteracy. Wherever literacy rates are lower, poverty rates are invariably higher and vice-versa. The relationship between the two is a vicious circle as poor countries do not have sufficient resources to invest in education; most of the people who survive on incomes of less than 2 dollars a day cannot afford to send their children to school. On the other hand, a low literacy rate is a major barrier against personal improvement and prevents the poorest people to lift themselves out of the poverty trap.
"For example, in third world countries such as Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Mozambique and Nepal, 78% or more of the population lives on incomes below US$2 per day, adult literacy rates are below 63%, and the number of adult illiterates exceeds 5 million in each country."
Abstract This paper explains the primary objective of central banks in third worldcountries, how they benefit developing economies and how they may also present problems for developing countries. The paper also explains why central banks, even though they may be facing the gradual erosion of their status and power, will likely be needed by developing countries, albeit in a somewhat different form, for some time yet to come.
From the Paper "Central banks in their current incarnation are quasi-governmental institutions that are operated with taxpayer dollars but have considerable independence in the performance of their duties. Their goal is to achieve financial stability, in general, and to control inflation, in particular. Their primary method is to regulate the flow of currency; their most potent tool is their authority to raise or lower interest rates. If a particular national economy is stagnant with little or no inflation, a central bank can stimulate growth by cutting interest rates and, presumably, increasing the flow of currency into the system. If an economy is growing too fast and inflation is rising, a central bank can slow things down by raising interest rates."
Tags: federal, reserve, board, united, states, globalization, investors, economic, stability
Abstract This paper examines problems experienced in Third Worldcountries, which can be attributed to overpopulation, environmental degradation, and urbanization. In examining specifics, the paper notes that environmental degradation is more of a problem in Sudan than in many other Third Worldcountries, while overpopulation is the most pressing problem in Bangladesh, and urbanization is more of a problem in Indonesia.
Abstract The paper discusses the issues and age limits for employing child labor and highlights the situation in many third worldcountries. The paper also notes that American manufacturers have not advocated on behalf of the children being exploited, to help bring about changes that improve the lot of the children in foreign markets. The paper discusses the issues involved and concludes that, while there are no easy solutions to the problem, a world-wide social conscience by which to guide industry and consumers in advocating on behalf of the exploited children, is progress that could be meaningful to the future generations of children in these countries.
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From the Paper "There is a gap that must be closed between the reality of child labor and the laws that govern the exploitation of children for purposes of labor in underdeveloped nations, and between the western perception of child labor and exploitation. The existing gap is one that has to be closed by acknowledging that it would not be a good idea to attempt to initiate a radical change in the child labor practices in third world countries. It must be acknowledge that child labor, at this point in the development of third world nations, is essential to the survival of the family unit. Also, that there will in fact be at least the current generation of children and perhaps one or two following generations of children that will not be well educated, or even educated at all, as a result of their exploitation for labor. However, it should be realized, too, that preventing them from working would not necessarily mean that these children would otherwise be educated. That is the first part of the gap that must be closed in the western perception."
Abstract This paper discusses the new initiative named The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, which was proposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in 1996 after it became obvious that not only were the world's poorest countries unable to pay back loans made in the 1970s, but that the debt was creating a situation of increasing and continuing poverty. The paper discusses how the loaning systems of the 1970s were partially to blame for now ever-increasing debt and how this initiative will help re-establish economic autonomy is some of these third-worldcountries.
From the Paper "The roots of the debt problem can be traced back to the lending policies of the 1970s, when high oil prices hit the developing countries hard; in order to keep their governments and economies going, they turned to richer countries, foreign banks and international organizations for loans. International lenders, flush with cash from "petrodollars" from oil-producing states, assumed that sovereign debt was a good risk because there was a prevalent belief that governments do not default on their loans."
Abstract Food and dietary habits vary from region to region; mostly guided by cultural preferences, access to resources and income levels. This paper discusses how it has often found that western countries rarely ever complain of malnutrition problem, while it persists in third worldcountries. The reason for this is grounded in income levels and access to resources. The writer points out that most developing countries heavily rely on pulses and beans for calories while most western-nations exhibit a greater taste for meat and poultry. This demonstrates on the one hand, cultural tastes while on the other it also says a great deal about income and poverty.
From the Paper "In a report and survey revealed in 1980s, it was found that there existed noticeable differences in per capital supply of calories and protein in different regions of the world (see Table 1). It was observed that developing countries had calories intake 9 percent lower than the world average. The developed countries on the other hand had 27 percent higher calorie intake than the world average. The countries that lied below the world average in calorie intake existed in the four regions of Africa, Far Easter, Middle Easter, and Latin America."
Abstract This paper examines how climate change will impact the development of under-developed lands that figure to be (and already are) hardest hit by changes in the natural environment. In particular, the paper looks at how the development projects already in place in the developing world (or those now being conceived) will shortly - if not already - find themselves the targets of new, restrictive regulations aimed at cutting down runaway greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the paper looks at the human toll caused by climate change and how this injures the growth and development of Third World nations. In addition, the paper examines the role climate change plays in depleting natural resources - chiefly water - that fuel important economic activities in lands that can scarcely be without these activities. The paper also looks at how the local tourist sectors of these countries will suffer (are surely suffering already) as biologically diverse locales decline in the face of relentless global change. Last of all, climate change as a precipitator of foreign control over the economic policies of developing states is discussed with a focus upon how climate change has wrestled control for many economic initiatives out of the hand of Third Worldcountries and placed that control firmly in the hands of international regulatory bodies dominated by western elites.
From the Paper "Climate change means trouble for impoverished "Global South" nations in a host of other ways, as well. A study recently concluded by the World Health Organization insists that climatic changes unfolding since the middle 1970s could be causing (at this very moment) nearly 150,000 annual deaths in the developing world and approximately five million "disability-adjusted life-years" (DALY) in that part of the world, as well. In short, climate-instigated diseases and "heat-related morbidity" are both seen (at least by the WHO) as heavily impacting the developing world even though the developing world is hardly culpable for man-made global warming (Patz, 2006; for a slightly more recent study that affixes a greater responsibility for global climate change to developing lands, please see Raupach, 2007)."
Abstract The paper explains the phenomenon of globalization and the prevailing positive and negative attitudes towards it. The paper discusses the various risks associated with expanding to foreign markets that relate to cultural, economic and political factors. The paper also examines the function of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Bank and explores economic growth and development in third worldcountries.
Outline:
Globalization
Expansion to Foreign Markets
World Trade Organization
Economic Growth, Development and Third-WorldCountries
From the Paper "Globalization is a phenomenon that has enjoyed increasing publicity with the rise in technological development and particularly electronic communication. With the development of electronic and digital products, not only communication, but export itself has become much simpler than the case was only decades ago. Developed countries, having the equipment and products available for expansion, made use of the globalization phenomenon to increase their income. In this way, developed countries rapidly increased their per capita income and economic growth. From this perspective, globalization is seen as the answer to many an economic problem, both for individual businesses and for countries as a whole."
Tags:World, Trade, Organization, World, Bank, economic, growth
Abstract This is a paper on emerging markets and the United States. The various countries that presently conduct business with the United States are growing. One of the major ways for 3rd Worldcountries to do business is through the Internet.
Abstract This paper examines how cheap labor has always been appealing to corporations and how, as the business world becomes globalized, outsourcing work to countries such as Mexico, China, Korea, the Philippines, India, Africa, and Taiwan has become a common practice among companies from industrialized nations. It looks at how the lack of restrictive and costly government regulations overseas is very attractive to businesses because it provides a favorable bottom line and how this lack of regulation allows dangerous work environments to flourish.
From the Paper "Taiwan has long been famed for its transformation from a developing country to an industrial colossus, however, in recent years labor disputes at a Taiwanese-owned textile factory in impoverished Nicaragua has cast global attention on the island nation (Perrin Pp). Taiwan has set up scores of garment factories in Central America to produce goods for the American market, but management practices at these factories are said to seem as if they?re taken from the pages of a Dickens novel (Perrin Pp). According to Charles Kernaghan, executive director of the National Labor Committee, "Taiwanese manufacturers have one of the worst reputations in the world regarding the treatment of workers" (Perrin Pp). A few of the abuses include obligatory overtime, physical violence, union busting and pregnancy tests as a condition for employment (Perrin Pp)."
Abstract In recent years there has been a great rise in the number of multinational corporations, also called transnational corporations (TNCs). This paper examines how the situation has got to the point where many TNCs now have incomes that are in excess of the economies of many developing countries. It analyzes the effect of the proliferation of powerful TNCs on developing countries and attempts to show although there are some benefits, there are also many negative consequences.
Abstract This paper looks at the book "Ethiopia: A Country Study" from the point of view of its unique angle in which it examines the history and society of Ethiopia. It shows how the authors adopt a holistic approach to the analysis of Ethiopia, providing a detailed description and interpretation of the country's major historical events, in addition to its social, economic, political, and security systems.
From the Paper "Presented in a chronologically well structured manner, and in language that is acceptable to both academic experts and a general audience, the study conducts an in-depth analysis of Ethiopia's social, political and economic institutions, their development, efficiency and interrelationships. Ethiopia: A Country Study places great emphasis on the effects of cultural factors and, unlike many similar research projects, the authors of this book have closely examined and considered the results of political and economic development upon the different ethnic groups within Ethiopia, in addition to those of the population as a whole."
Tags: africa, society, economy, development, third, world, country, population
This paper analyzes the impact of 'globalization' on labor conditions in third worldcountries in reference to the work of the World Bank, the International Labor Organization and 'anti-sweatshop' campaigners.
Abstract This paper examines how global economic forces enable sections of third world society to be more easily exploited. It investigates how the first world does not play on a level playing field by using the Multi-Fibre Agreement. The views of protesters, the World Bank, and others are reviewed. The paper ends by touching upon future developments, such as the impact of China becoming a full member of the World Trade Organization.
From the Paper "During the past three decades, remarkable internationalisation of the world economy has taken place. This process has become known as globalisation. Globalisation can be defined as "The increasing integration of national economies into expanding international markets" (Todaro: 1997). Neo-liberal authors and institutions, such as the IMF, state that globalisation is driven by four main factors; free market ideology; technological breakthroughs in communication; the shifting of economic activity to the developing world; and the opening up of previously closed borders. These factors of globalisation have inevitably led to changes in conditions of labour in third world employment. Here we will look at what the changes have been. We will then examine the views taken on these conditions by 'anti-sweatshop' campaigners, and the response of the International Labour Organisation and the World Bank."
