Abstract
This paper discusses the new initiative named The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, which was proposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in 1996 after it became obvious that not only were the world's poorest countries unable to pay back loans made in the 1970s, but that the debt was creating a situation of increasing and continuing poverty. The paper discusses how the loaning systems of the 1970s were partially to blame for now ever-increasing debt and how this initiative will help re-establish economic autonomy is some of these third-world countries.

From the Paper
"The roots of the debt problem can be traced back to the lending policies of the 1970s, when high oil prices hit the developing countries hard; in order to keep their governments and economies going, they turned to richer countries, foreign banks and international organizations for loans. International lenders, flush with cash from "petrodollars" from oil-producing states, assumed that sovereign debt was a good risk because there was a prevalent belief that governments do not default on their loans."

Tags:oil, bank, loan, poverty, autonomy, economy

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the fertility rate in Third World countries and its impact on consumers and laborers in both developed and Third World nations. The paper discusses the declining fertility rate world wide, and U.N. population projections. It includes an outline.

From the Paper
"A Expanding world population with declining average fertility rates B The majority of the world's population and the highest fertility rates are in the Third World ..."

Tags:fertility rate, population, U.N., IMF, World Bank, literacy, birth control

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that achieving universal education is one of the UN's 8 Millennium Development Goals agreed to in 2000 by all the world's countries and the world's leading development institutions. The writer points out that although some progress has been made in increasing the level of education in most countries, a number of third world countries have fallen behind in their effort and are unlikely to achieve the goal by the target date of 2015. The writer outlines the benefits of education and discusses the co-relation between illiteracy and poverty. The writer then reviews the status of education in the third world countries. Finally, the writer enumerates the reasons for high levels of illiteracy in these countries and looks at how they can be overcome.

Outline:
Benefits of Education
Responsibility of Governments in Education and its Social Benefits
Individual/ Private Benefits
Co-relation between Poverty and Literacy
The State of Education in Third World Countries
Reasons for the Continuing Low Education Levels
Overcoming the Barriers
References

From the Paper
"There is a strong correlation between poverty and illiteracy. Wherever literacy rates are lower, poverty rates are invariably higher and vice-versa. The relationship between the two is a vicious circle as poor countries do not have sufficient resources to invest in education; most of the people who survive on incomes of less than 2 dollars a day cannot afford to send their children to school. On the other hand, a low literacy rate is a major barrier against personal improvement and prevents the poorest people to lift themselves out of the poverty trap.
"For example, in third world countries such as Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Mozambique and Nepal, 78% or more of the population lives on incomes below US$2 per day, adult literacy rates are below 63%, and the number of adult illiterates exceeds 5 million in each country."

Tags:poverty, illiterate, development, educated

Abstract
This paper explains that many third world countries have not been able to profit from the effects of globalization because their domestic businesses with only basic operations cannot compete with the operations of successful multinational corporations. Next, the author stresses that, if a third world country is to benefit from globalization, these country must support the further development of its domestic businesses as China did thus resulting in its phenomenal economic growth. The paper examines the problems of economic system imbalance, environmental pollution caused by increase consumerism and loss of political stability, all of which can occur in third world countries that are exposed to the pressures of globalization.

From the Paper
"Proponents of globalization argue that it has facilitated the process of international business and thus has managed to raise standards of living worldwide. However, the gap between the rich and the poor has actually widened. This is because it is only the owners of large corporations who have managed to maximize their wealth as a result of the expansion of international business. Businesses in the west have moved en masse to China and India because of access to large markets and to cheap labor. As a result of this migration, unemployment rates in the West are rising."

Tags:operations agricultural-based, environmental pollution, consumerism internet

Abstract
This paper explains the primary objective of central banks in third world countries, how they benefit developing economies and how they may also present problems for developing countries. The paper also explains why central banks, even though they may be facing the gradual erosion of their status and power, will likely be needed by developing countries, albeit in a somewhat different form, for some time yet to come.

From the Paper
"Central banks in their current incarnation are quasi-governmental institutions that are operated with taxpayer dollars but have considerable independence in the performance of their duties. Their goal is to achieve financial stability, in general, and to control inflation, in particular. Their primary method is to regulate the flow of currency; their most potent tool is their authority to raise or lower interest rates. If a particular national economy is stagnant with little or no inflation, a central bank can stimulate growth by cutting interest rates and, presumably, increasing the flow of currency into the system. If an economy is growing too fast and inflation is rising, a central bank can slow things down by raising interest rates."

Tags:federal, reserve, board, united, states, globalization, investors, economic, stability

Abstract
In recent years there has been a great rise in the number of multinational corporations, also called transnational corporations (TNCs). This paper examines how the situation has got to the point where many TNCs now have incomes that are in excess of the economies of many developing countries. It analyzes the effect of the proliferation of powerful TNCs on developing countries and attempts to show although there are some benefits, there are also many negative consequences.

Tags:globalization, developingcountries, tncs

Abstract
This paper examines how cheap labor has always been appealing to corporations and how, as the business world becomes globalized, outsourcing work to countries such as Mexico, China, Korea, the Philippines, India, Africa, and Taiwan has become a common practice among companies from industrialized nations. It looks at how the lack of restrictive and costly government regulations overseas is very attractive to businesses because it provides a favorable bottom line and how this lack of regulation allows dangerous work environments to flourish.

From the Paper
"Taiwan has long been famed for its transformation from a developing country to an industrial colossus, however, in recent years labor disputes at a Taiwanese-owned textile factory in impoverished Nicaragua has cast global attention on the island nation (Perrin Pp). Taiwan has set up scores of garment factories in Central America to produce goods for the American market, but management practices at these factories are said to seem as if they're taken from the pages of a Dickens novel (Perrin Pp). According to Charles Kernaghan, executive director of the National Labor Committee, "Taiwanese manufacturers have one of the worst reputations in the world regarding the treatment of workers" (Perrin Pp). A few of the abuses include obligatory overtime, physical violence, union busting and pregnancy tests as a condition for employment (Perrin Pp)."

Tags:factory, regulations, outsourcing, globalization

Abstract
This paper explores and discusses poverty in third world countries and in developing countries. The paper also takes a look at how poverty effects globalization. The paper further discusses Michel Chossudovsky's "The Globalization of Poverty".

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Globalization of Poverty
India's Experience With The 'Special' Funding of Agriculture
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Not long after Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in November,1991, World Bank structural adjustment loans and IMF loans were signed. "The loans were earmarked for repayment of six months of debt servicing of India's external debt totaling $80 billion, the loans helped stem a crisis of confidence on the part of international lenders." The work of Chossudovsky (1997) states that "The economy suffered from stagflation, the price of rice increasing by more than 50 percent in the months following the 1991 measures and balance-of payments continued to deteriorate as rising import costs were not able to be offset by a decline in imports of essential commodities or an increase in exports. The negative effects of the program on internal demand pushed a large number of firms into bankruptcy. The program resulted in dismissal of roughly one-fifth of the public sector work force with only a very modest "safety net". More "liberal" labor legislation may have marginalized further lower wage employees and landless farm workers as wages for these groups came under pressure while consumer prices rose." (Chossudovsky, 1997) Chossudovsky holds that "the program may well have contributed to a two-tier economy of increasing poverty for some and growing opportunity for others." (Chossudovsky, )"

Tags:malnutrition, government, agriculture, rural, urban, debt

Abstract
In this essay, post-Glasnost relations are analyzed as particular interactions between Third World, or Developing countries and the dominant nations that thrive in Westernized economic structures. This is a critical analysis of the impact that the World Bank and the IMF have on developing nations and the influence of capitalist economies in providing economic assistance to Third World nations.