Abstract
The paper explains that "Judgment at Nuremberg" is remarkable for its willingness to consider the collective guilt of the German people and, even more troubling, of people from other countries. The author points out that the power of this film lies in the complexity with which it represents such issues as responsibility, accountability and guilt in the context of a Hollywood social problem film and within the conventions of courtroom drama. The paper concludes that the film also reflected the events of the early 1960s, at the time "Judgment at Nuremberg" was made, which included the trial of Eichmann in Jerusalem and the enduring injustices in the United States that would become the Civil Rights struggles. The author believes that this film still has implications in the 21st century social, legal and political debates over the treatment of terror suspects in the War on Terror and the extent to which elected representatives should be held accountable.

From the Paper
"From a theatrical perspective, the casting of prominent Hollywood stars on both sides of this question is significant. It can be cynically said, as critic Pauline Kael quoted in her review, that this film is "an All-Star Concentration Camp Drama" given the number of stars involved. However, the casting of such an "heroic" leading man as Burt Lancaster as a prominent German leader can be read as a theatrical "sign" to the audience from the outset of the drama that "judgment" in this film will be more complex than if the Germans were stereotypical villains."

Tags:casting, justice, responsibility, accountability, complexity

Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes Stanley Kramer's 1961 film "Judgment at Nuremberg", a film which deals most immediately with the issues of guilt and innocence in the cases of officials of the Third Reich in the Nuremberg trials. According to the paper, this film has broader implications not only in the context of its original release at the height of the Cold War but also in that of our 21st century War on Terror. This paper also examines how Kramer's film represents complex issues of justice, responsibility, and accountability within both the Hollywood context of the star system and the conventions of courtroom dramas, as well as within the broader Cold War contextual framework.

From the Paper
"...but this trial has shown that under a national crisis ordinary, even able and extraordinary men can delude themselves into the commission of crimes so vast and heinous that they beggar the imagination. No one who has sat through the trial can ever forget them. (Judge Haywood Judgment at Nuremberg) While Stanley Kramer's 1961 film Judgment at Nuremberg deals most immediately with the issues of guilt and innocence in the cases of..."

Tags:film, history, germany

Abstract
This paper discusses the historical veracity of the 1961 movie "Judgment at Nuremberg", a fictionalized account of the post-World War II Nuremberg Trials. The film focuses on an actual trial of judges who carried out the laws promulgated by the Nazi State. The paper provides an extremely detailed outline of the movie's plot development, delving into an analysis of the characters and their actions and motivations. The paper concludes by examining how the movie parallels -- and deviates from -- history.

From the Paper
"Assigned to the trial as Chief Judge is Dan Haywood (Spencer Tracy), a low profile justice, who by his own admission, was not the original or subsequent choice. The prosecutor is Col. Tad Lansing (Richard Widmark) an "army man" who vows to convict the four ex-German Judges. Defending the accused is Hans Rolfe (Maximilian Schell) who must convince the court that the defendants were acting only for the love of their country. Among the defendants are respected Judge Ernst Janning (Burt Lancaster) who has written several books on law accepted the world over. Lawson accuses the defendants of signing orders for the sterilization of innocent men and the execution of those who opposed to the Reich and the extermination of the Jews. He puts Rudolph Peterson (Montgomery Clift) on the stand as a victim of sterilization. Rolfe manages to expose the pitiful Peterson as mentally challenged. Later Irene Hoffman (Judy Garland) is put on the stand to explain her alleged affair at the age of 16 with an elderly Jew. As his coup de grace, Lawson shows a film depicting the horrors of German concentration camps.
In between the sessions, Judge Haywood strikes up a friendship with Madame Bertholt (Marlene Dietrich) the widow of a former German general, in whose former home the judge is staying. In spite of their differences they begin to grow fond of each other."

Tags:Nazi, world, war, ii, judge, historical, trial, third, reich, military, tribunal, best, picture, 1940s, 1960s

Abstract
This paper discusses four major ethical or normative theories to the problem of the construction of a desired society. It looks at the significance of realism in normative analysis. The paper analyzes the film, "Judgment at Nuremberg," directed by Stanley Kramer in order to illustrate the challenges of devising a normative ethical viewpoint given the ethical complexity inherent in modern society.

From the Paper
"While Nazi Germany is an extreme example it is, unfortunately, representative of many tyrannies in human history in which a minority has seen its rights stripped, and claims of justice and community values/virtue dismissed, to supply the happiness or greater utility of the majority. The system of slavery in the American South prior to the Civil War represents precisely a model of precisely such a challenge."
"In this regard, a normative analysis would suggest that rule utilitarianism offers a stronger and more viable principle of utility than pure utilitarianism. Modern rule utilitarians, for example, "place heavy emphasis on human rights and freedoms" (Dwyer 163) which can be incorporated in this normative theory in a way they cannot be in pure utilitarianism."

Tags:tyranny, Nazi, justice, modern

Abstract
This paper examines the Nuremberg Trials by questioning several legal aspects of the proceedings. The author argues that the Allies exceeded the laws of the time in their quest to punish Nazis for what they saw as unacceptable ways to conduct war. The paper concludes that the Trials also did not serve a deterrent purpose, rather they demonstrated the difficulty of using law to deal with unpredictable and unexpected behavior.

Outline:
Introduction
Allied Positions
Defendants' Views
Justice of Injustice?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Nuremberg Trials took place in Nuremberg, Germany from 1945 to 1949, following the end of World War II. They were the culmination of efforts by the victorious allies to address actions taken by the Nazis during World War II that most of the Allies believed went well beyond the boundaries of acceptable practice of warfare. However, the Allies themselves exceeded the laws of the time in their quest to punish Nazis for what they saw as unacceptable ways to conduct war."

Tags:Nuremberg, Trials, Nazis, war, crimes

Abstract
This paper gives an analysis of Robert Jackson's Opening Address to the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal as an appeal to emotion rather than reason. The postwar context in which Jackson's address was given is also presented.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine Robert Jackson's opening address to the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal in order to identify the extent to which the speech is fundamentally an appeal to reason or emotion. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which the address was given and then to discuss how it resolves tensions between reason and emotion with a view toward explaining its ultimate purpose. The postwar tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany in which high-ranking Nazi officials were put..."

Tags:Nuremberg trials, war crimes, Nazi, Robert Jackson, rhetoric

Abstract
This paper uses the definition by Benner, Tanner and Chelsea that clinical judgment is often based on patterns of responses, the specific case and the people involved in the situation. The author points out that making a clinical judgment requires nurses to use critical thinking skills. The paper relates that often clinical judgment is based on the patient, family, diagnosis and the situation.

From the Paper
"What is clinical judgment? How does a nurse decide what clinical judgment to make in different cases? The definition by Benner, Tanner, and Chelsea states that clinical judgment is often based on patterns of responses, the specific case, and the people involved in the situation. Making a clinical judgment requires nurses to use critical thinking skills. Often clinical judgment is based on the patient, family, diagnosis, and the situation. The definition of clinical judgment by Benner, Tanner, and Chelsea makes common sense. This definition of clinical judgment most nurses will agree that it is the best definition because past experiences and knowledge mixed with the relationship the nurse has with the patient and family are combined in making clinical judgments. "

Tags:critical, thinking, judgment

Abstract
In this article, the writer summarizes the "Fourth Moment" from Immanuel Kant's 'Critique on Judgment'. The paper explores the line of reasoning by which Kant argues that although judgments regarding beauty are entirely personal, the human mind projects them outward onto other people, thereby interjecting what Kant refers to as a necessity into reasoning about personal taste.

Tags:judgment, beauty

Abstract
This paper relates the parable of the final judgment and its setting. The author performs an exegetical analysis. The paper explores the meaning of having the apostles as the only audience for this parable rather than a crowd.

From the Paper
"Jesus said, "And when the Son of man comes in his glory and all the angels with him then he will sit upon his glorious throne. And all the nations will be gathered before him and he will separate them from one another as a shepherd separates...""

Tags:final judgment parable, bible, new testament

Abstract
This paper explains that Hollywood's interpretation of Germany's participation in World Wars I and II fluctuated between politics and concern for profits but did not engage in propaganda as commonly charged. The author points out that independent movie producers, surged into the international market during World War I, which provided them with one of its greatest sources of plots and profits, such as D.W. Griffith's "Hearts of the World" (1918). The paper relates that the majority of the films were anti-war and action/war adventures made after the war, such as "The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse" (1924). The author relates that Hollywood films of the 1960s and 1970s revisited the anti-German theme and highlighted American heroism, such as "The Dirty Dozen" (1967); however, the the most outstanding film was Stanley Kramer's black and white "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961). The paper cites many films and includes many quotations.

From the Paper
"There was one firm that did: Warner Bros. They shut down their German operations in 1933, three years before Hitler limited the release of American films. By 1939, the European market was closed off. In 1940 Will Hays, the dour President of the Motion Picture Production and Distribution Association (MPPDA), lifted the ban on anti-Nazi films that he had imposed after "Confessions of a Nazi Spy", and the cameras began to roll against Nazi Germany and for the defense of the United States. "Sergeant York" (1941) actually harked back to Tennessee farmer Alvin York's heroics in World War I."

Tags:isolationist, patriotism, propaganda, warner, heroism