Abstract
This essay deals with Austin Clarke's "Canadian Experience", Choy Wayson's "Sek-Lung", and Tomson Highway's "Hello Merry" and how these stories deal with the hardships of immigrants in their new society. We see the theme of "fighting back" in the context of how the immigrants try to recapture and retain their own sense of dignity in the face of racism and exclusion.

Tags:doyle, canadian, experience

Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of racism in the United States. The paper states that, while a variety of organizations worked to bring true equality for African-Americans, the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) stands out as an excellent example of "Resource Mobilization Theory", or RMB. The paper examines the SNCC that began with college students who decided they could no longer tolerate segregation policies and began challenging the practice in a variety of ways. The paper describes the organization as a major factor in the fight for African-Americans to gain real social equity with whites.

From the Paper
"The college students who founded SNCC were aware of the racial history of the United States as well as the rest of the world. Throughout much of modern history, those in power, typically Whites in western cultures, identified certain other groups as "races," and used this vie of "racial otherness" (Winant, 2000) to justify their feelings of superiority. Thus many viewed Jews and even Irish as separate races. Singling out African-Americans not only as a separate race but also as an inferior race was aided by the country's policy of allowing slave ownership and trade."

Tags:black, white, equity

Abstract
People react to discrimination in different ways. Some let it discourage them, some run away form it, and others hate it so much that they become bigots themselves. There are, however, positive ways of reacting to discrimination. Discrimination can motivate people to survive and become successful so that they can try to prevent it in the future. This paper explores works by Langston Hughes, Brent Staples, Richard Wright, and Alice Walker, authors of short stories concerning different African-American characters facing issues of race and discrimination. The paper shows that, by reading their stories, one gets a clear understanding that when faced with discrimination, it is best to keep a positive attitude rather than a negative one. In these stories, the characters that do keep a positive, more realistic attitude toward racial issues and discrimination tend to turn out more successful, mentally, than the characters that react to these issues negatively. Works analyzed include, "One Friday Morning" (Langston Hughes), "Black Men and Public Space" (Brent Staples), and "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker.

From the Paper
"Brent Staples' reaction to discrimination and racial profiling is what gives him a better attitude and outcome. In "Black Men and Public Space," Staples discusses how he is a victim of these every day. Walking down the street at night, white people, especially women, would quickly walk away form his direction. In subways, white people would sit nervously as if waiting for him to attack. Even merchants in retail stores would give mean glares when he entered their store. Staples describes feeling "surprised, embarrassed and dismayed, all at once." This sort of environment could quickly erode a person's spirit. In his situation, most would become angry and resentful. Staples, however, realizes that he cannot allow this to happen."

Tags:Nancy, Lee, heritage

Abstract
Racial profiling is examined in this paper as an abuse of law enforcement primarily against blacks and Latinos. It discusses the concept of race, the use of profiling as a crime fighting technique and miscarriages of justice based on racial prejudice.

From the Paper
"In discussing the merits of racial profiling as a crime-fighting technique we must first examine the concept of race itself. Physical anthropologists have determined that modern homo sapiens evolved from non-human ancestors in Africa some years ago based on DNA studies and the analysis of proteins and that racial differences developed as evolutionary adaptations to the different environments into which they moved. There is no question that there are a great deal of obvious physical differences among human beings ..."

Tags:Crime, racial, profiling, racism

Abstract
This paper discusses African-American recruitment into the Union Army due to a shortage in soldiers. The African-Americans were freed from slavery and enrolled into the Army. Black troops faced greater danger than white troops when captured by the Confederate Army. They faced racial discrimination throughout both the South and the North. Segregated units were formed with black enlisted men commanded by white officers and black non-commissioned officers. After white military leaders saw the bravery of the black soldiers during the Battle at Fort Wagner, it led to the fighting reputation and spirit of the blacks.

From the Paper
"Emancipation and military service for blacks were key issues from the start of the Civil War. When Fort Sumter was fired upon, free black men tried to enlist in U.S. military units. They were turned away because "a Federal law dating from 1792 barred Negroes from bearing arms for the U.S. Army." (National Archives and Records Administration -NARA). By mid 1862, the increasing numbers of former slaves, the decreasing numbers of white volunteers into the military and the needs of the Union Army pushed the federal government into passing the Second Confiscation and Militia Act. This law freed slaves who had masters serving in the Confederate Army. Slavery was then abolished in the territories of the U.S. and on July 22, President Abraham Lincoln presented to Congress a preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation. From then on, black recruitment into the Union Army was pursued. Volunteers from South Carolina, Tennessee, and Massachusetts were the first authorized black regiments."

Tags:emancipation, blacks, African-Americans, Civil, War, slavery, racism, recruitment, Union, Army

Abstract
This paper explores "A Time to Kill," by John Grisham, a story about the human intolerance our society still has to face at several different levels. The writer focuses on the themes of racial conflict between black and white and the conflict between citizens and the law. The writer defines racism and explains that the story shows racism as a distortion of values in the minds of those who are affected by it. The moral conflict between right and wrong, the moral conflict within the people who have to judge the accused, and the intolerance shown by the supporting groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, are also issues in the story. The writer concludes that the book's message is that intolerance is inevitable, and people must work hard to fight and defeat it.

From the Paper
"The story happens in the south. This is not a coincidence: the author was trying to deliver a message to the receptive reader, by placing this particular story in a world where racial intolerance evolved into a culture. The southern states had a long history of black and white confrontations, going back to the slave era when each color of skin had a very specific role in society. By (violently) ending this clear separation, the conflict grew stronger, as they were being forced to live together, even against their own will."

Tags:victim, fanaticism, corruption, violent, rape, criminal, justice

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that within the foundation of the American nation are several concepts that have become fodder for propaganda that builds a case for social diversity and at the same time contradicts the actions of the collective nation and the feelings of many individuals, about race and diversity. The writer notes that conflicts over race are as old as the nation itself and the debate seems everlasting as some social reformists lay the groundwork for inclusion and multiculturalism while others still fight the hard fight for assimilation and racial dominance of the majority culture, which in the United States has consistently been the white English speaking culture. The writer points out that the United States will consistently and effectively develop answers to the debate concerning multiculturalism as a product of necessity and not surprisingly because of its continued and growing diversity.

From the Paper
"The 1990s proved to be one of the most strikingly public eras for social conflict based on race and events during the 90s seemed to add more fuel to the fire on both sides. With one side saying we have not come far enough in the bid to establish a multicultural society, a melting pot, and the other side saying we have conceded too much in that direction and that is why there is so much crime, violence and destruction. The overriding principle in both arguments is that tension exists, often racially motivated and occasionally comes to a boiling point that is dramatically displayed in the public eye, allowing all to form opinions and eventually express those opinions in the debate, in both a public and an individual manner."

Tags:diversity, race, inclusion, assimilation

From the Paper
"This study will compare Oroonoko in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko and Bigger Thomas in Richard Wright's Native Son, focusing on the authors' views and their conception of the characters in relation to racism. The study will argue that both authors have created courageous and defiant black men determined to resist racism with any means necessary, although Behn has also created a black man designed to show that blacks are and/or can be more civilized, more humane than the white people who claim to be the representatives of civilization and society.
Behn plays the role of narrator as well as character in her novel. The purpose of her work is to try to convince the reader that Oroonoko, the so-called "Royal Slave" is not the frightening and savage creature which Europeans fear he is, but is instead more civilized than the Europeans themselves. Behn, however, goes.."

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the battle for women's suffrage, focusing on the major players as individuals and the separate organizations that fought for equality. Beginning with the founding principles at the Seneca Falls Convention, the paper analyzes the oppressive society that prevented female suffrage, paying attention to gender expectations, free love, and the role that racism played in hindering the cause.

From the Paper
"The American women suffrage movement was an arduous battle, beginning prior to the Civil War and lasting until the adoption of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution after the Great War. Most of the women who began this earnest fight did not live long enough to finally place a ballot, and those that joined the initial fight as youths were old and feeble when women were finally enfranchised. They fought an unjust society dominated by white men for three quarters of a century in efforts to entitle women with the vote. The foremost fighters, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Victoria Woodhull, to name a few, were women before their time. The women's reform movement was founded on basic principles of female equality. They wanted better pay and working conditions for women, increased rights in divorce and marriage, the opportunity to legally obtain property, and the recognition of women under the law. Most importantly, At the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 Stanton resolved ?that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. From this movement grew the American Equal Rights Association (AERA), committed to the abolition of slavery, the betterment of urban industrial conditions, and general moral reform in society, combined with the duty of securing female suffrage."

Tags:cady, civil, sexuality, spiritualism, stanton, voting, war, woodhull

Abstract
This paper explains that the fire professionals have the highest stress factors in the United States, not only from the requirements of the job, but also deaths, accidents, racism, and sexism; therefore, adequate supervision is essential. The author points out that a lack of adequate supervision has made racism a problem in the fire department because, in many cases, supervisors simply do not know how to handle this problem and choose to ignore it; in other cases, supervisors are unaware that the problem even exists. The paper relates that women have been having difficulty being recognized as equals in the fire department because of issues such as physical strength, but many of the difficulties experienced by women in terms of equality in the fire department can be ascribed to a lack of unbiased supervision.

Table of Contents
Death in the Fire Department
Racism
Women in the Firefighting Profession

From the Paper
"Interestingly, heart attacks are the leading culprit in firefighter deaths, numbering 44%. The second leading cause of death is head trauma and internal injuries at 27%, while death directly related to fire (by asphyxia or from burns) accounts for the least amount of deaths, at 20%. These statistics are also related to age, with younger men more likely to die from injuries than heart attacks. Motor vehicle accidents also cause a substantial amount of firefighter deaths, numbering between 20 and 25%. It was found that only 21% of firefighters involved in these crashes wore their seatbelts. The USFA has also found that firefighter fatalities per 100,000 incidents have increased over the last twenty years. This factor is what inspired the study in the first place."

Tags:death, racism, sexism, inadequate, stress