Abstract This paper discusses the analytic methods used by Torodas in his work on Magellan. The paper points out that the scarcity of literature on the historiography of Magellan presents a problem for Torodas, which he confronts through historical, textual, and meta-analysis of available information. Through these methods, the paper asserts, Torodas assesses conflicts and parallelisms regarding the circumnavigation activities and life of Magellan and, consequently, is able to confront the primary issue in his article, which is to determine Magellan historiography despite its scarcity. The paper concludes by suggesting that Torados's study significantly contributes to the techniques and methods that historians must have to ensure that historiographies are conducted systematically and with rigor.
From the Paper "The Age of Discovery that emerged in the 15th-16th centuries in Europe, led by Spain and Portugal, was marked and characterized by the prevalence of sea navigations to discover new lands or "primitive" societies. These lands and societies were also potential colonies, wherein their territories could be expanded and resources exploited for the economic benefit of European countries. Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese-born Spanish explorer and navigator, played a significant role during this age, mainly because of contributions in establishing Spanish colonies in the islands of the Pacific. However, historiography on Magellan remains scarce despite his contributions and numerous journeys around the world. Torodas confronts this issue by discussing and analyzing related works of literature pertaining to not only the accomplishments and activities of Magellan as navigator and explorer, but also as the first individual to prove (empirically) that the earth is round, giving prestige to European navigation missions."
Tags: historiadores traitor portuguese age of exploration antonio de pigafetta, relation
Abstract This essay examines William Manchester's portrayal of the great explorer FerdinandMagellan in his book "A World Lit Only By Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance Portrait of an Age".
Review and analysis of George E. Nunn's article about Portuguese explorer, Magellan, which argues that the historically accepted account of the Portuguese explorer's route is inaccurate.
Abstract This paper looks at the reasons put forth by George E. Nunn in his article about Magellan, which argue that the historical account of Magellan's route is inaccurate because it is based on the unreliable log of Francisco Albo. The paper discusses the three discrepancies that Nunn points out in his article and concludes that, in spite of the plausibility of Nunn's thesis, the article falls short of being completely verifiable.
From the Paper "Nunn cites three main discrepancies regarding the route specifically. First, where Magellan actually set off to cross the Pacific from South America is unclear because of the wide variances in crew logs. As the author states, ?The wide variations among the several calculations and their variance from the truth, where discoverable, are sufficient to show their questionable value,? (621). To illustrate his point, Nunn offers maps and charts and geographical information such as longitudinal points. Similarly, the question of where Magellan initially veered westward from the continent can only be answered through thorough investigation of the explorers? geographical possibilities. Nunn also notes that major discrepancies in the journal entries make this question difficult to answer but that Albo's log is definitely unreliable. According to Albo, Magellan turned west at latitude 32 degrees south on December 19, 1590."
Abstract Ferdinand of Aragon is represented both directly and indirectly in the text. Ferdinand of Aragon is one of the few characters whom Machiavelli openly compliments. However, as the research demonstrates, Ferdinand of Aragon is indirectly mentioned in several instances that contradict the praises openly bestowed upon him. Ferdinand of Aragon is often referred to as Ferdinand the Catholic. The research supports the thesis that when Machiavelli speaks of Ferdinand of Aragon, he his actually expressing his political views about he Catholic Church as a whole. Furthermore, the research demonstrates how Machiavelli uses Ferdinand of Aragon and passages about other prominent figures in the Catholic Church to express ideals regarding the separation of church and state that will eventually lay the ground work for many modern political ideas.
From the Paper "Prior to the time of Machiavelli, Italy had lived in a period of stability and peace. To many the Catholic Church symbolized this peace. The Catholic Church was the governing force in the area. During the time of Machiavelli, many people began to see the corruption and greed the enveloped the supposedly pious leaders of the time. During the time of Machiavelli, the people began to view the Church as a symbol of greed and corrupt power. However, at that time the Church held so much power that it was dangerous to speak out against the Church. To do so could be dangerous and the person ran the risk of persecution or excommunication.
Many writers of the time wished to express their opinions and the opinions of those who disagreed with the Church. Dante's Inferno is a classic example of this technique. In this work the characters on the road to Hell embodied principles, rather than the actual persons represented. The ideals were hidden metaphorically in the characteristics and lives of the characters. Machiavelli used this technique also and Ferdinand of Aragon is one of the primary examples of the use of metaphor to describe the Catholic Church."
Abstract This paper reviews the idea of community in Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman". It then discusses a chapter by Ferdinand Tonnies "The Argument". The paper discusses the way in which Tonnies develops an argument about the nature of community and in the process, makes a compelling argument for the value and worth of true community.
From the Paper " The Idea of Community in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman and Ferdinand Tonnies' "The Argument" In the chapter "The Argument," Ferdinand Tonnies develops an argument about the nature of community. In the process, he makes a compelling argument for the value and worth of true community. In Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, by contrast, we see a man existing without any community, in the sense described by Tonnies - although the man is not truly aware of it. In the light of Tonnies' description of community, Willy Loman's implosion becomes understandable. In addition, Loman's notion of society is inferior to Tonnies' notion."
Abstract This paper explains that Drake is best remembered for battling the Spanish and being the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. The author points out that Drake, called El Draque, meaning "the dragon", by the Spanish, is best known for his piracy of Spanish settlements and ships and his role in defeating the Spanish Armada. The paper describes Drake's adventure through the Strait of Magellan and into the Pacific Ocean to claim areas of North America, called Nova Albion, for Queen Elizabeth; the area included most of Washington, all of Oregon, and a sliver of California.
From the Paper "Sir Francis Drake was Vice Admiral of the English fleet fighting the Spanish Armada. During the Battle of Gravelines, on July 29, 1588 the Armada was defeated by an English naval force under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, France. Prior to the battle, Drake is said to have been playing a game of bowls. On being warned of the approach of the Spanish fleet, Drake reportedly remarked that there was plenty of time to finish the game and still beat the Spaniards. The English later defeated the Spanish on August 4 off Dorset with a fleet under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake. The final battle between the English and the Spanish was off the coast of Flanders and resulted in Spanish retreat."
An analysis of American author, Stanley Karnow's theory that America used the Philippines as a colonial bastion against political ideologies it disliked, such as communism.
Abstract The paper discusses ideas put forth by Stanley Karnow, in his book "In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines" that America attempted to make over the Philippines into a nation in America's image, in political, economic and religious terms. The paper shows that because this remanufacture of imaging was done on an unequal basis, with the Philippines assumed to be inferior child to the parental and patriarchal re-manufacturing nature of America, the relationship between the two nations, in Karnow's envisioning, was almost doomed to be exploitative.
From the Paper Karnow is particularly harsh on the United States in describing the way the Reagan administration propped up the Marcoses. The administration's justification for doing this was anti-communism, that Marcos was an anti-Communist in a world beset by an evil empire. However, Karnow does not exculpate this Philippine president from all blame, even though he is merciless when discussing Reagan's initial refusal to help return Marcos from exile after his loss to Nicky Aquino in the first fair presidential elections in the land. Karnow admits President Aquino's later eroding popularity and its impact on the Philippines.
This paper analyzes Martin Luther's role in Western Civilization, comparing his achievements with other influential historical figures such as Alexander the Great, Jesus, Muhammad and Magellan.
Abstract This paper looks at five significant historical figures (Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Jesus, Muhammad, and Magellan) and compares their accomplishments and influence to those of Martin Luther. The paper's thesis question is: Was Martin Luther a bad ass? This question is answered on a historical basis as his actions and achievements are categorized and compared with the five individuals listed above. It also looks at Luther's achievement in 21st Century frame of mind. It focuses on his last influence in all aspects of modern life.
From the Paper "Carter Lindberg states in his book The European Reformations, ?An initial move to control the complicated and multifaceted reality of the Reformation is to define the terms used for it and the era it covers.? In order to secure Luther in the annuals of history as a "bad ass", one must not only clarify the characteristics of that title, but also view his accomplishments in a 21st Century frame of reference. First, it should be determined which historical figures might fall into the category of being labeled a ?bad ass.? At this point, the common characteristics of a historical "bad ass" will become evident. Second, after determining these characteristics, they then must be applied to Luther and the result will be forthcoming."
Tags: civilization, luther, martin, reformation, western
Abstract Born on March 10, 1452, at Sos in Aragon, Ferdinand V was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. This paper shows that as Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain and the husband of Isabella I, heiress apparent to the Castilian crown, this dynamic monarch laid the foundations of Spanish unity and imperial power. The paper explores how Ferdinand was instrumental in the "discovery" of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the introduction of Spanish power in the "New World" which altered the entire history of the Western hemisphere.
From the Paper "In Aragon, Ferdinand approached his problems connected with Catalonia in a more constitutional way. The Sentence of Guadalupe in 1486 offered a compromise solution to the difficult peasant question in Catalonia, where the municipalities were assured a degree of autonomy. In Catalonia, the king remained essentially what he had been in medieval times, namely a supreme lord but with strict limits on his powers. But in Castile, the Crown was in a position to exercise absolute power, while in Catalonia and throughout Aragon, power was limited by the traditional contractual relationship. This contrast was to be profoundly important for the later history of the two Crowns and lay at the root of the major rebellions, especially that of 1591, that the citizens of Aragon were to undertake against Castile."
An in-depth analysis of this English Renaissance tragedy, the various factors involved which lead to the tragic ending and the struggle between good and evil.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, 2001, $ 83.95
Abstract In this paper the author examines the theme of tragedy that runs through this play. In so doing he looks at the primary relationships in the play - the relationship between the Cardinal, the Duchess and Ferdinand and the relationship between the Duchess and Antonio which he suggests is central to the play. He also suggests that the character of Bosola is an additional factor in the events that lead to the tragic end. The author examines each of these factors in turn, looking at the characters involved, their characteristics and the meaning of each factor and concludes by showing, not only how all these events led to the tragic ending, but also what meaning this has for the reader.
From the paper:
?The central tragedy of the play is that of the Duchess. She is represented as a fine woman in terrible circumstances. Her tragic flaw is her need to follow her heart. She defies the reality of the situation and makes the decision to marry Antonio and ultimately suffers for this choice. The tragedy of the situation is that she does nothing wrong. Her relationship with Antonio is pure. Even with the tragedy that results, she accepts this as a consequence of loving Antonio and accepts her fate.?
From the Paper " In terms of popular understanding of the history of this reign, the patronage of Columbus and his discovery of America overshadows far more significant social, political, religious, and economic developments resulting from the contemporary liberalism of these two monarchs, called "The Catholic Kings." In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. In 1474, when Henry IV of Castile died, he the half-brother of Isabella, Isabella became Queen of Castile. In 1479, John II of Aragon died, and Ferdinand inherited his throne. With their great minister, Cardinal Mimenes, they worked harmoniously in fusing all the states of Spain into a political and ecclesiastical unity. Reorganizing the Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brotherhood, a body of some 2,000 police, they checked robberies ... "
This paper discusses the life of Ferdinand I, the 11th Century Spanish ruler of L?on, Castile, Galicia and the Rioja and his career as leader in political, religious and military contexts.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, 1994, $ 95.95
From the Paper "This paper will discuss the life of Ferdinand I, also known as Fernando I, ruler of L?on, Castile, Galicia and the Rioja from 1035 to 1065. The first part of the paper will provide some background to Ferdinand's reign, examining the respective situations of the Moorish empire in Spain and the Christian kingdoms in northern Spain. The second part of the paper will look at the career of Ferdinand I and provide some detail of his role in the Christian Reconquest of Spain. The third part of the paper will discuss some of the reasons for the success of the Christians in weakening the Moorish empire in Spain during the Eleventh Century."
Abstract This paper examines how there are historians who say the seeds of the Cold War, the long struggle of wills, ideology, plus brutal military might being brandished to the loyal allies of both Cold War antagonists, the West and Russia / Soviet Union, were created by the not-so-perfect peace that ended WWI. It also explores other claims that say the Cold War seeds were planted in 1914, when the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated. It looks at the background history of these events and attempts to make a connection between what happened and the later conflict between East and West.
From the Paper "However, although new maps were drawn ? and the Austro-Hungarian empire became fragmented, with Serbia and Bosnia becoming part of Yugoslavia ? in the bigger picture, guns were also drawn. Indeed, one month following Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austria declared war on Serbia ? after Serbia had rejected an unreasonable and impossible set of conditions in an Austrian ultimatum. The announcement of Austria's war declaration prompted Czar Nicholas II to ally his Russian nation with Serbia (fellow Slavs). Two days after Russia's declaration of support for Serbia, Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm urged Nicholas to recall his troops."
Tags: austria, serbia, archduke, franz, ferdinand, east, west
Abstract This paper examines how, in the writings of Shakespeare, there are many great loves and how some of the greatest are also the greatest examples of love for a purpose. It looks at how the love between a man and a women is often the avenue by which intrigue transpires into change by examining and comparing three of his plays. The love between Ferdinand and Miranda in "The Tempest" acts as the starting point from which the other two are compared. The second couple is Queen Margaret and the Duke of Suffolk in "Henry VI", and the third Desdemona and Othello in "Othello". It shows how it is partly through these three couples that Shakespeare proves his literary prowess, as he uses love as a tool to increase the dramatic depth of the work and how, in the character development of these six individuals, is the demonstration of love as an avenue for intrigue and intrigue as an avenue for love.
From the Paper "Miranda's first sight, of Ferdinand sets in stone her love and admiration for him, as does his of her. Prospero hopes that through the trickery of the storm and the union of these two young people he will be able to regain his rightful place as the Duke of Milan. Ferdinand is so equally bewitched by Miranda that he is blinded of even the grief he should now be feeling for his father and his shipmates. He asks the Goddess if Miranda is real: "Most sure, the goddess / On whom these airs attend! Vouchsafe my prayer May know if you remain upon this island;/And that you will some good instruction give/ How I may bear me here: my prime request,/ Which I do last pronounce, is, O you wonder!/ If you be maid or no"? (Tempest Act 1 Scene II) He wishes even with his last wish, and when he should be wishing for the safety of his father, to know if Miranda is truly a maid or if she is simply a spirit come to trick him."
Abstract The paper is an investigation of the domestic, political conditions that led to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the ensuing crises. It frames the events of that day in the context of Serb domestic politics. Intro includes note on sources, background and Pan-Serbism historical context, nationalism, Balkan wars, previous coups and assassinations, and previous crises in the region. It also provides a brief history of terrorism, militant groups, and militias in Serbia.
From the Paper "Is it possible that history consists primarily of chaos and chance? When theories of dialectic historicism fail us, or when studies of the "great men" leave gaps, are we not left with dumb luck alone? Where would we be today if the Archduke of Austria-Hungary had taken another road? Would ten million have died if Gavrilo Princip had panicked at his chance to take the life of the heir to the Hapsburg throne? It seems impossibly fascinating to think that sheer coincidence tipped off the spiraling of Europe into the godforsaken trenches for more than half a decade. Unfortunately, as seductive as this what-if history may seem, there were actually some concrete factors at play on the fateful day in June of 1914. The Serbs had seen a rising patriotism across their society since the Balkan Wars. The government had no control over its own security forces, which developed into a state within a state. The militias popping up all over the Balkans were beyond of the control of authorities. Had Princip failed, it is not inconceivable that another disillusioned young radical would have eventually crossed a line somewhere and set things into motion. The conditions in Serbia at the time made it possible, with the atmosphere of rising nationalism, a growing militant movement uncontrollable by civil authorities, and an expanding and dangerous unaccountability on the part of certain elements of the Serb security forces. It was these domestic conditions, born out of history and contemporary conditions, which set the stage for the tragic murders of Sarajevo."
Tags: apis, black, ferdinand, hand, pasic, princip, sarajevo, serbian
