Abstract
This paper discusses the analytic methods used by Torodash in his work on Magellan. The paper points out that the scarcity of literature on the historiography of Magellan presents a problem for Torodash, which he confronts through historical, textual, and meta-analysis of available information. Through these methods, the paper asserts, Torodash assesses conflicts and parallelisms regarding the circumnavigation activities and life of Magellan and, consequently, is able to confront the primary issue in his article, which is to determine Magellan historiography despite its scarcity. The paper concludes by suggesting that Toradosh's study significantly contributes to the techniques and methods that historians must have to ensure that historiographies are conducted systematically and with rigor.

From the Paper
"The Age of Discovery that emerged in the 15th-16th centuries in Europe, led by Spain and Portugal, was marked and characterized by the prevalence of sea navigations to discover new lands or "primitive" societies. These lands and societies were also potential colonies, wherein their territories could be expanded and resources exploited for the economic benefit of European countries. Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese-born Spanish explorer and navigator, played a significant role during this age, mainly because of contributions in establishing Spanish colonies in the islands of the Pacific. However, historiography on Magellan remains scarce despite his contributions and numerous journeys around the world. Torodas confronts this issue by discussing and analyzing related works of literature pertaining to not only the accomplishments and activities of Magellan as navigator and explorer, but also as the first individual to prove (empirically) that the earth is round, giving prestige to European navigation missions."

Tags:historiadores traitor portuguese age of exploration antonio de pigafetta, relation

Abstract
This essay examines William Manchester's portrayal of the great explorer Ferdinand Magellan in his book "A World Lit Only By Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance Portrait of an Age".

Tags:one, man, alone

Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons put forth by George E. Nunn in his article about Magellan, which argue that the historical account of Magellan's route is inaccurate because it is based on the unreliable log of Francisco Albo. The paper discusses the three discrepancies that Nunn points out in his article and concludes that, in spite of the plausibility of Nunn's thesis, the article falls short of being completely verifiable.

From the Paper
"Nunn cites three main discrepancies regarding the route specifically. First, where Magellan actually set off to cross the Pacific from South America is unclear because of the wide variances in crew logs. As the author states, "The wide variations among the several calculations and their variance from the truth, where discoverable, are sufficient to show their questionable value," (621). To illustrate his point, Nunn offers maps and charts and geographical information such as longitudinal points. Similarly, the question of where Magellan initially veered westward from the continent can only be answered through thorough investigation of the explorers' geographical possibilities. Nunn also notes that major discrepancies in the journal entries make this question difficult to answer but that Albo's log is definitely unreliable. According to Albo, Magellan turned west at latitude 32 degrees south on December 19, 1590."

Tags:age, of, exploration, history, geography, nautical, political, climate, expedition, spice, islands

Abstract
Ferdinand of Aragon is represented both directly and indirectly in the text. Ferdinand of Aragon is one of the few characters whom Machiavelli openly compliments. However, as the research demonstrates, Ferdinand of Aragon is indirectly mentioned in several instances that contradict the praises openly bestowed upon him. Ferdinand of Aragon is often referred to as Ferdinand the Catholic. The research supports the thesis that when Machiavelli speaks of Ferdinand of Aragon, he his actually expressing his political views about he Catholic Church as a whole. Furthermore, the research demonstrates how Machiavelli uses Ferdinand of Aragon and passages about other prominent figures in the Catholic Church to express ideals regarding the separation of church and state that will eventually lay the ground work for many modern political ideas.

From the Paper
"Prior to the time of Machiavelli, Italy had lived in a period of stability and peace. To many the Catholic Church symbolized this peace. The Catholic Church was the governing force in the area. During the time of Machiavelli, many people began to see the corruption and greed the enveloped the supposedly pious leaders of the time. During the time of Machiavelli, the people began to view the Church as a symbol of greed and corrupt power. However, at that time the Church held so much power that it was dangerous to speak out against the Church. To do so could be dangerous and the person ran the risk of persecution or excommunication.
Many writers of the time wished to express their opinions and the opinions of those who disagreed with the Church. Dante's Inferno is a classic example of this technique. In this work the characters on the road to Hell embodied principles, rather than the actual persons represented. The ideals were hidden metaphorically in the characteristics and lives of the characters. Machiavelli used this technique also and Ferdinand of Aragon is one of the primary examples of the use of metaphor to describe the Catholic Church."

Tags:catholic, church, constitution

Abstract
This paper reviews the idea of community in Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman". It then discusses a chapter by Ferdinand Tonnies "The Argument". The paper discusses the way in which Tonnies develops an argument about the nature of community and in the process, makes a compelling argument for the value and worth of true community.

From the Paper
" The Idea of Community in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman and Ferdinand Tonnies' "The Argument" In the chapter "The Argument," Ferdinand Tonnies develops an argument about the nature of community. In the process, he makes a compelling argument for the value and worth of true community. In Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, by contrast, we see a man existing without any community, in the sense described by Tonnies - although the man is not truly aware of it. In the light of Tonnies' description of community, Willy Loman's implosion becomes understandable. In addition, Loman's notion of society is inferior to Tonnies' notion."

Tags:miller, tonnies, community

From the Paper
" In terms of popular understanding of the history of this reign, the patronage of Columbus and his discovery of America overshadows far more significant social, political, religious, and economic developments resulting from the contemporary liberalism of these two monarchs, called "The Catholic Kings." In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. In 1474, when Henry IV of Castile died, he the half-brother of Isabella, Isabella became Queen of Castile. In 1479, John II of Aragon died, and Ferdinand inherited his throne. With their great minister, Cardinal Mimenes, they worked harmoniously in fusing all the states of Spain into a political and ecclesiastical unity. Reorganizing the Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brotherhood, a body of some 2,000 police, they checked robberies ... "

Tags:HISTORY: EUROPEAN

Abstract
This paper examines Persian/Farsi/Dari in relation to Saussure's linguistics of langue, in the formal rules of a language and varying links to parole, or the spoken language. The writer discusses that Persian as the official language of Iran and Afghistan, but also Tajikistan, is duplicated in numbers of speakers elsewhere whose forms and ideas of Persia have altered with proximity to other languages, ambiguous relations between signifying terms and what is signified.

From the Paper
"International interest in an ample Persian literature of centuries ensures continuation of study of the Persian language, as much as geo-political realities of the present stimulate other interest in Central and South Asia and displaced Persian-speaking representatives to appear abroad. This paper refers to the anthropological contribution of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) to linguistics and semantics. The Farsi or Persian used in Iran is known formally as Modern Iranian Persian as compared to the Dari or court Persian of Afghanistan, both countries in which Persian ..."

Tags:linguistics

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the life of Ferdinand I, also known as Fernando I, ruler of L?on, Castile, Galicia and the Rioja from 1035 to 1065. The first part of the paper will provide some background to Ferdinand's reign, examining the respective situations of the Moorish empire in Spain and the Christian kingdoms in northern Spain. The second part of the paper will look at the career of Ferdinand I and provide some detail of his role in the Christian Reconquest of Spain. The third part of the paper will discuss some of the reasons for the success of the Christians in weakening the Moorish empire in Spain during the Eleventh Century."

Abstract
Born on March 10, 1452, at Sos in Aragon, Ferdinand V was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. This paper shows that as Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain and the husband of Isabella I, heiress apparent to the Castilian crown, this dynamic monarch laid the foundations of Spanish unity and imperial power. The paper explores how Ferdinand was instrumental in the "discovery" of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the introduction of Spanish power in the "New World" which altered the entire history of the Western hemisphere.

From the Paper
"In Aragon, Ferdinand approached his problems connected with Catalonia in a more constitutional way. The Sentence of Guadalupe in 1486 offered a compromise solution to the difficult peasant question in Catalonia, where the municipalities were assured a degree of autonomy. In Catalonia, the king remained essentially what he had been in medieval times, namely a supreme lord but with strict limits on his powers. But in Castile, the Crown was in a position to exercise absolute power, while in Catalonia and throughout Aragon, power was limited by the traditional contractual relationship. This contrast was to be profoundly important for the later history of the two Crowns and lay at the root of the major rebellions, especially that of 1591, that the citizens of Aragon were to undertake against Castile."

Tags:Inquisition, Reconquest, Celestina

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to discuss conditions in medieval Spain under the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.


The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united the greater part of the Spanish peninsula in the hands of the royal couple. Outside the new state remained only the Christian Kingdoms of Navarre and Portugal and the Moslem Kingdom, Granada. Politics as well as religious differences determined that the latter would be conquered by the Catholic sovereigns. They had hardly restored internal order and repulsed the Portuguese invaders when they demanded the tribute paid by the Moors to their predecessor kings and queens. Muley Abul Hassan, who was then the monarch of Granada, answered that his mints no longer contained any gold, but steel. Despite this belligerent reply the truce was renewed, but without either side having any confidence that it would..."