Abstract The following issues along with the statistical facts and figures are discussed in this paper: WomenWorking In Law Enforcement, WomenWorking in the Courts, Women Employed in Adult Corrections, WomenWorking in Juvenile Corrections, Gender Bias: The Glass Ceiling and Organizational Culture, Organizational Culture Survey, Gender-Neutral Employment, Females as Correctional Officers, Proven affects of Female Employment in Criminal Justice.
From the Paper "For more than 80 years, in the United States, women have been engaged in police work, where their concerns of considering the participation in law enforcement and career advancement had remained stable for almost sixty years. However, it was not until the 1960s, when legislation and judicial participation started in backing women's demands for equality, perform their duties and the responsibilities then began to expand (exhibit 4-2). It was since then, that the opportunities for women in policing improved. However, female police officers still continue to make slow progress in regard to their ranks."
Abstract The essay focuses on governmental representation of women in British Columbia. The central question is "What accounts for the dramatic increase of women in the legislature and, further, has that increase any short-term implications for the broader representation of women's interests?" The paper uses articles and texts by experts on the subject such as Linda Erickson (her article, "Parties, Ideology, and Feminist Action: Women and Political Representation in British Columbia Politics") and Jill Vickers' book, "Reinventing Political Science: a Feminist Approach".
From the Paper "Erickson identifies a "rapidly developing society, a changing population base, and an economy driven by ? industries and their exports" (108) as the driving forces behind the increased participation of women in the public sphere. BC's population increased and changed and due to migration, it became "ethnically and racially diverse" (Erikson 108). Erickson states that those changes have led to a less traditional BC community. She then specifies reasons leading to the raised presence of women in provincial politics; equal proportion of women to men, dominance of the service sector, urbanization, low birth rate, more women in higher education and higher incomes, (Erikson 108)."
Abstract This paper examines how womenworking as professionals in the criminal justice field have gained some respect in recent years; however, the fact largely remains that criminal justice is a very male-dominated field, and women still struggle to acquire equal standing and respect accordingly. It looks at how the percentage of womenworking in the legal field as judges, lawyers, and similar professionals has increased significantly in recent years and how, despite these increases, women entering the criminal field still face a male-dominated culture and organizational structure, which have limited many opportunities for women to advance in this area.
From the Paper "Discrimination and gender bias may be even more evident within the courts and judicial system. In recent years, forty states and nine federal circuits appointed task forces that investigated gender bias in their jurisdictions. They found that ?female lawyers in court may be called honey, little lady, little girl or are referred to by their first names instead of a professional salutation.? (DOJ, 2003, ABA). The American Bar also published a Report on the Status of Women in the Legal Profession, which indicated that when a female attorney is more aggressive during litigation or other proceedings, a judge is more likely to interpret her behavior as "unnecessary drama" as opposed to being an effective lawyer, as aggression is typically more often appreciated in male lawyers (DOJ, 2003, ABA)."
This paper discusses the book "From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America," by Dr. Vicki Ruiz, specifically, as it gives voice to Mexican-American women.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, 2002, $ 66.95
Abstract This paper discusses, from all angles, at home, at work and in the community, Twentieth-Century Mexican-American women, descendents of some of the first immigrants to the United States. The paper reviews Ruiz's book that shows Mexican-America womenworking for menial wages to help support the family and suffering from stereotypes. The author states that, although often history texts can be dry and lifeless, Ruiz's text comes alive with the voices of the women about whom she writes.
From the Paper "Each of the causes of change was important and devastating, but probably the most devastating was the discovery of gold in California. Mexican-Americans had long made California their home, and some owned extensive ranchos, but California glittered too brightly, and the United States took the country for its own in 1850. The rancho way of life disappeared, especially when the ranchos belonged to women, which was not unusual in Mexican society. Unlike the U.S., Mexican women could and did own their own property, but their title was not recognized when the U. S. annexed California, and they lost much if not all of their land."
Abstract This three page undergraduate papers examines the economic enslavement of women during the Industrial Revolution. The paper suggests that womenworked long hours for low wages, under conditions that can only be described as economic slavery and that many women and their families lived in poverty despite the fact that seventy-hour work weeks were common.
From the Paper "They could be fired or let go at any time, regardless of length of employment. If they were injured on the job or even killed, their families usually received little if any compensation. Employee rights for women were extremely limited, and they lacked any legal means of compelling their bosses to address their grievances."
Abstract This paper focuses on women who worked during WWII in Great Britain. It covers the different aspects of women in the work force and the history of their involvement with the war.
From the Paper "Throughout history, women have been involved in the complications of War, and have survived the many hardships and adversities associated with a country at war. During WWII, women in Great Britain were compelled to serve their country by engaging in "War Work" activities, and replacing men who were at war in factories and other skilled labor jobs. World War II presented the opportunity for women in Great Britain to mobilize in society by earning higher "male" wages in factories, and acquiring the necessary skills to play an important role in the battle their country faced. Many women faced the dilemma of choosing between their domestic duties, and their desire to actively participate in the war effort."
Abstract A paper that analyzes why women in the U.S. are not motivated to work and instead reap welfare benefits. The paper uses a single mother with two young children as a model for analysis.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of the Comstock Lode on Virginia City and on the women of this mining town. The author points out the change in the experiences of women's traditional rural roles--middle class women, workingwomen and prostitutes. The paper cites the diversity of women of the Comstock.
From the Paper "When discussing the documented history of Virginia City, Nevada, from ... to ... , scholar Susan Armitage noted that, although mining has always been considered men's work, the task of building and maintaining mining communities has always required ..."
Tags: comstock lode, virginia city, women, gender roles
Abstract This paper examines the ability of women to reach certain echelons in corporate America. The author also discusses the factors that contribute to women's promotions to chief executive offices in Fortune 500 firms. The term glass ceiling is defined. The paper then describes how affirmative action programs were implemented into many business strategies in order to eliminate glass ceiling situations in the workplace. The author concludes by stating that although affirmative action has diversified educational institutions, such diversification is yet to be seen in corporate America. It is not clear why all the barriers exists or why women are not in more senior executive positions.
Outline:
Introduction
Glass Ceiling
The Glass Ceiling and Affirmative Action
Female CEO's at Fortune 500 Companies
Limitations of Affirmative Action as it relates to the Glass Ceiling
From the Paper "Affirmative Action has long been a topic of debate in America and other nations throughout the world. More often then not the focus is primarily confined to race. However, affirmative action has also had an impact in terms of gender and the ability of women to reach certain echelons in corporate America. The purpose of this discussion is to examine the problem of the glass ceiling and women in the business world. The research will also examine the factors that contribute to women promotion to chief executive office in the Fortune 500 firms. Let us begin our discussion by defining the phrase glass ceiling."
Abstract This paper discusses gender inequality and highlights a landmark paper entitled "Five Feminist Myths of Women's Employment" by Catherine Hakim, which focusses on feminism in Canada.
Outline:
Introduction
Rising Female Employment and Work Dedication?
Poor Quality Jobs and Sexism?
Implications
Last Remarks
From the Paper "Hakim spent a decade in labour research for the British public service after completing her PhD. Then she returned to academic life. Her exposure to large surveys and studies of labour trends had shown her something other than what feminists continued to teach in universities, in terms of rising numbers of women making their contribution to a work force that should be, and would one day be of 50-50 male-female composition. Feminists resent what they see as sexist stereotypes of women as less committed to their careers than men. Hakim found that fewer women were strongly dedicated to working life, in the way that more men were, and significantly, they chose another kind of lifestyle, their home and family lives important, too, many of them not interested in high career achievement, not driven by dreams of upward mobility, high incomes or status. (2000) This is interesting to compare with work focused on women victimized by gender, class or other social forces. (See Siltanen:2004) For instance, lack of affordable child care is seen to block women's efforts to advance, over and over, in Canadian sociology addressing women and labour. One also notices in Canada a tendency to measure women's fortunes, or the fortunes of the feminist movement in terms of women's earning levels.
"A late 1990s Canadian Council on Social Development report is totally geared to whether or not women were catching up in the 'earnings race'. (Scott & Lochhead:1997) This began to seem a curious focus, given the very trying and unpredictable 1990s employment market, that has made many Canadians grateful to be employed, able to pay their expenses and enjoy good health, a set of factors shaping a new Canadian culture that is nowhere in statistical assessments and a strong idea of what "should" be happening. Hakim found that many more European women who could afford childcare because they had professions or high enough wages did not want to work part-time to earn more, preferring their family lives ahead of career life. Hakim is well aware of women prevented from taking employment due to childcare costs but they saw this as temporary, being able to raise one's own children for a few years one of the benefits of the lives they chose. Women did not feel driven to make some sort of feminist, careerist example as academic feminists asserted that they wanted to make. In Canada, a national childcare system is seen as essential if single mothers are to become financially secure. (Davies Et Al:2001)"
Abstract This paper examines how British feminists feel about crack prostitution in Britain. It explains how Britain's proliferation of crack prostitution should be a lesson to Canada and seen for its complete subjection of women. The paper looks at how British feminists want to know why the sex industry has normalized and they demand better help for women trying to get off drugs, demanding tougher laws against those exploiting or abusing prostitutes, including references to mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat procurers. In conclusion, the paper shows that Britain's feminists paint a clear picture of crack prostitution as a male problem, arguing in favour of punishing those who victimize women, as a step forwards.
Outline:
Introduction
Crack and Sex Work Lessons for Canada
An Intensified Problem
Cultural Myths
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "In January of 2006, Britain toughened up enforcement of anti-prostitution laws due to better insight into a changed sex trade with prostitution for most something other than a job of choice but a cash-based industry like any other that preyed upon vulnerable women. Preparing this paper, from a Canadian point of view, has brought new insight into the naivete of saying that prostitution should simply be legalized, that this would remove its related abuses, implying that women have choices who engage in the sex trade."
Abstract This paper reviews different literature on the topic of Black and Aboriginal women in the work place. It discusses the paper, "Black Feminist Statement", in which Eisenstein argues that the unique and specific situation of black women makes it necessary for them to employ identity politics to battle their oppression. The author of the paper contends this view point and expands on further examples where this specific approach is demonstrated. The paper explores Plewes and Downe in their paper's, "Perils of the Past" and "Strong Women: Contemporary Challenges and Promises for the Future of Aboriginal Women."
From the Paper "In her paper, "A Black Feminist Statement," Eisenstein argues that the unique and specific situation of black women makes it necessary for them to employ identity politics to battle their oppression. It is argued here that this is correct, and furthermore that this is demonstrated by the specific approach taken by Plewes and Downe in their paper, "Perils of the Past and Strong Women: Contemporary Challenges and Promises for the Future of Aboriginal Women." In this paper, "identity politics" will be taken to mean the notion that people need to organize not only around specific parties or ideologies, but also around the unique context of a specific marginalized group. The specific marginalized group that Eisenstein ..."
Abstract The paper offers a feminist and sociological analysis of Canadian women that reflects the economic conditions and the psychological gender role allocations that have limited women to the household in a patriarchal Canadian society. The paper examines these facets of Canadian life and illustrates how one can see how women were up against immense odds when seeking entrance into a more independent role away from marriage and into the world of business. The paper explains that these new roles evolved from the 1950s into the modern era of the 1990s and the 21st century.
From the Paper "The basis of this sociological and feminist study on women in the workplace will analyze the historical progress of women in the family and economic structures that had limited them in the past. By offering new insights into the development of women workers in the Canadian business world, one can objectively rationalize the competence and competitive nature of women in relation to men. By realizing the past gender roles normatively associated with women in the household, working women have taken great steps in the past 25 years in becoming a competing force to males in a patriarchal business orientated system."
Abstract This paper reviews how Hill's book makes an extremely useful contribution to feminist historiography. It claims that the book transcends the relatively narrow sphere of feminist historiography and achieves its author's stated, ambitious objective of bringing together women's history and eighteenth-century social history, which prior to the writing of this book had become increasingly separate. The author of the paper offers a personal opinion and contends that the book is extremely comprehensive and succeeds in making a thorough reassessment of how women experienced work in eighteenth-century England.
From the Paper ""Women, Work & Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England" by Bridget Hill is a book that makes an extremely useful contribution to feminist historiography. More than that, it transcends the relatively narrow sphere of feminist historiography and achieves its author's stated, ambitious objective of bringing together women's history and eighteenth-century social history, which prior to the writing of this book had become increasingly separate. The book is extremely comprehensive, and succeeds in making a thorough reassessment of how women experienced work in eighteenth-century England. This was of ..."
Abstract This paper looks at how feminist social theory has developed, starting with Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", the first major work of feminist theory. Male theorists who developed and enforced the natural rights doctrine are discussed. The women's rights movement is seen to have its origins in the antislavery movement. The theories from the first and second waves of feminism are discussed as well.
From the Paper "Feminist social theory has begun to have an impact on sociology in terms of the validity of issues of sex, gender, and oppression; demanding the analysis of patriarchal power, social class and the definition of entitlement to the natural rights of a person. Gender along with age, ethnicity and class is regarded as one of the major dimensions of social inequality in human societies."
