Abstract
This paper discusses the highly controversial issue of female genital cutting (also referred to in the literature as female genital mutilation and clitoridectomy) as practiced traditionally in various parts of Africa and the Middle East. It presents both sides of the issue, outlining arguments for and against the practice with special reference to female sexuality and the role of women in the family and society. Drawing upon research done in the West among immigrants who have undergone the procedure, the paper makes the argument that the practice must be understood and evaluated within the context of the social norms and values in which it evolved.

From the Paper
"One of the most unusual forms of "sexual violence" from a Western perspective is the practice of female genital cutting (FGC), also referred to by various other terms, such as "female circumcision," "female genital mutilation," and "clitoridectomy." It takes several forms, but is defined broadly by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for cultural, religious, and other non-therapeutic reasons" (cited in Esho, Enzlin, Van Wolputte, & Temmerman, 2010, p. 222). It is prevalent in several parts of the world, but most notably in Africa and the Middle East, and procedures and practices vary widely from place to place (Fourcroy, 2006; Leonard, 2000). The procedure is performed on girls between the ages of 4 and 10, but there are areas where it may occur soon after birth or just before marriage, and even as late as after a woman's first pregnancy and delivery (Leonard, 2000). While the practice was confined largely to the African continent for centuries, within the past 25 years or so, it has become an issue of international concern, as immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers from countries where it is prevalent have flooded into the West and brought with them not only the cultural mores and attitudes that are associated FGC, but also the social, public health, and other problems that it inevitably raises for Western societies (Fourcroy, 2006; Leonard, 2000; Toubia, 1994). This paper will examine the practice of female genital cutting in terms of its relation to female sexuality, family structures, and society at large. Of course, these three areas are not mutually exclusive and invariably have an impact on one another. Thus, certain aspects of the discussion will involve some overlapping of these categories."

Tags:mutilation clitoridectomy infibulation, female circumcision, sexual responsiveness, Female Sexual Function Index

Abstract
Traces the historical evolution of female sexual-social mores, the biological influences on female mating preferences and styles, and the evolution of the monogamous and non-monogamous family. It ends with a discussion of the implications of exchange theory and the scarcity model of economics as it relates to modern monogamy and its social, emotional, and physical consequences.

Historical Evolution of Female Sexual Social Mores
The Biological Evolution of Female Sexual Preferences
Future Evolution of the Family
The Social and Emotional Consequences of Serial Monogamous
Relationships
The Social and Emotional Ramifications of Non-Monogamous Relationships
Possible Evolutions: Scarcity Model versus Abundance Models of Sexual
Economics

From the Paper
"The forces of history and biology have served to promote the suppression of female sexuality and the idealizations of monogamy among female humans. However, the recent rise of feminist power movements, secure birth control methods, and a cultural "sexual" revolution have combined to make non-monogamous lifestyles the norm. While most women still embrace the ideal of monogamy, life-long marriage relationships have been replaced by serial monogamy as the standard in Western Culture. Non-monogamous relationships are also gaining in popularity."

Tags:female, sexual-social, mores, feminist, power, movements, sexual, revolution, non-monogamous, relationships

Abstract
This paper discuses the issue of gender roles in Charlotte Lennox's book "The Female Quixote". It focuses on the main character Arabella and how she manages to make the world revolve around her. It looks at the issue of female empowerment, relationship between the sexes and how these relate to modern day.

From the paper:

"Charlotte Lennox?s ?The Female Quixote? decries the influence of romantic novels on its main female protagonist, Arabella. Like Cervantes? Don Quixote, a reading of romance novels, tales of beautiful women and their influence on men, and of their being the center of the world they dwell in, with everything seeming to revolve around their person, ostensibly seeks to expose the delusions of such women. By putting the onus of such delusions upon the romance, they decry fictions, or at least the genre of fiction that goes by the name of romances. However, a reading of the novels brings forth the great truth that it is neither the romantic fiction, nor its misreading and misinterpretation by the main protagonists of these two novels and others of their kind, but the entire gamut of gender relations that can be held responsible and that needs to be probed further as the cause of such delusions. "

Tags:romantic, female, protagonist, attributes, society, ethical, behavior, patriarchy, reverance, nobility

Abstract
In this essay, the writer summarizes the article "Today's Female Passion for Entrepreneurship" by Barbara DeLollis that chronicles the experiences of several female entrepreneurs. The writer also identifies the article's similarities to the existing literature, and describes what this article adds to the existing literature.

From the Paper
"The article "Today's Female Passion for Entrepreneurship" by Barbara DeLollis chronicles the experiences of several female entrepreneurs-three Caucasian one black and two Hispanic-and the successful businesses they have developed. Kris Beard is the first woman entrepreneur highlighted in the article and she went into business for herself after about with breast cancer. The article states that she lost her right breast, her hair and life as she knew it five years ago. When Beard went shopping for a mastectomy bra she was surprised that ..."

Tags:female, entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, business, DeLollis

Abstract
This paper takes a look at female sexual dysfunction and some of the several causes that attribute to it. The author provides a brief overview on early references made on female sexuality in medical writing and discusses diagnostic methods. The paper also discusses psychotherapy as a treatment method and the church's take on female sexual dysfunction.

Outline:
A Brief Overview
Why is there Dysfunction?
When Did This Begin?
How Can We Know the Dysfunction Exists?
What Happens When it's Treated?
Where Else Can Help Be Found?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While Female Sexual Dysfunction is not a rare problem, it is difficult to treat due to the fact that patients often feel uncomfortable talking with their physicians about it. Often, too, there is more than one cause and the different causes may require different treatments. Psychotherapy is not the only treatment available today. While it has been the policy of the church, in the past, to lead women to believe what should be normal sexual desire is instead perverse or bad, that attitude is slowly changing and the church is helping women build a better self-image."

Tags:sex related problems, female sexuality, treatment psychotherapy

Abstract
Female genital mutilation has been an institution in Islam for centuries, still exists today, and is practiced in at least twenty countries throughout the Islamic world, from Africa to Indonesia. This hideous practice emerged in Arabia, the original Muslim homeland, from where it spread to the regions conquered by Muslim armies. Quranic injunctions, Islamic conquests and Muslim administrative institutions have given it a continuity and legitimacy which have perpetuated it into modern times. This paper discusses female genital mutilation in the Islamic world. The paper discusses its history, origins, where it is practiced, how it is still practiced today and what the position of Islamic authorities of today is on female genital mutilation.

Tags:female, mutilation, islam

Abstract
This paper reviews eight web site sources which provide valuable information with regards to female entrepreneurship and feminism. It offers an annotated bibliography and two-paragraph summary of each source as well as a paragraph outlining how this source will be utilized in the author's upcoming work on the phenomenon of female entrepreneurship and feminism around the world.

From the Paper
"This site, administered and sponsored by the Education Foundation, features interesting articles on how to be a successful young entrepreneur. The article I have reviewed provides information on where young women should look when seeking entrepreneurial opportunities; similarly, a rough profile is presented of female entrepreneurs and what characteristics they possess (in truth, they are ordinary people who simply have the courage to pursue their passions). Lastly, the site contains a link to Seton Hall University's National Education Center for Women in Business."

Tags:feminism, women, business, female, gender, sex

Abstract
The paper discusses how in fairy tales, female characters are often associated with a long search for a mate, which ends in a happily-ever-after relationship. Yet, the paper maintains that what is often not considered is the strength of many female fairy tale characters and the struggles that they endure in order to achieve their goals. The paper highlights how the characters of Cinderella, Belle and Rapunzel all demonstrate women that have suffered through prolonged distress prior to realizing happiness.

Tags:strong, female, characters

Abstract
This paper discusses the female mortality rate in West Germany between 1680 and 1870. The paper is based on an article review of Stephen Klasen's "Marriage, Bargaining, and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: Excess Female Mortality Among Adults During Early German Development." The analysis includes examining four other articles that are relevant to the topic.

From the Paper
"Adult Female Mortality in Early German Development: 1680-1870 The article "Marriage, Bargaining, and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: Excess Female Mortality Among Adults During Early German Development, 1680-1870", written by Stephen Klasen, examines mortality rates of adult females in Germany between the late 1600s and mid to late 1800s. The purpose for Klasen's study was to find out whether gender bias existed in the allocation of household resources. His empirical research discovered that the mortality rate among married adult females was considerably excessive."

Tags:female, mortality, germany

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the use of the Internet by female teenagers. The writer then studies the effects by the Internet on the teenagers' self image. The writer looks at the influence of the Internet on the psycho-social development of teens. In this paper, the writer also discusses how female and male usage of the Internet differs.

From the Paper
"Over the last decade, an increasing number of teenagers have become prominent users of the Internet, thus generating concerns among parents and researchers with regard to its effects on their psychological well-being. In one of the studies many of the parents surveyed assert their worries about their children's isolation from others in the real world and their development of antisocial behavior due to Internet use. Due to their vulnerability to adult predators, teenage girls and their use of ... "

Tags:Female Teens, Internet Effects on Self Image