Abstract
The objective of this work is to explore the aspects of raising beef cattle for 'profit' in the area of the United States that is comprised of Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and other areas of the Southeastern United States. It examines the factors that have the potential to affect costs and profits and ultimately examines the feeding methods through a compare and contrast analysis of 'grain' fed cattle and 'grass' fed cattle in relation to cost, health and profitability.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Changes in the Cattle Business over the Past Two Decades
Challenges and Difficulties in Raising Beef Cattle Herds
Profit And Loss Considerations in Raising Beef Cattle
Grain-Fed versus Grass/Pasture-Fed Beef
Nutritional Differences in Grass- And Grain-Fed Beef
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The cattle business is not a livelihood that can be scheduled on a clock for indeed just as the beef cattleman has decided to head in from the barns and fields it is time for a calf to be born, or a calf has been born and rejected by its' mother requiring bottle-feeding every few hours and around the clock. Other difficulties are illustrated in the fence that the cattle broke at 3:00 a.m. or the sick cow that must be 'put down' in order to keep infection from the rest of the herd. While the cattle business is rewarding and has the potential to be, very profitable it is not a business for those who tend to be lackadaisical or for the faint at heart. "

Tags:cattleman, calf, herds

Abstract
This paper explains that mad cow disease is bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE, a fatal brain disorder in cattle caused by a still-unknown agent. The author points out that U.K. reports also listed other animals as having been infected by TSEs, including domestic cats, mice, hamsters, goats, mink, monkeys, pigs, and some exotic species of the cat family. The paper reports that there is also suspicion that mad cow can be spread through human blood; therefore, the American Red Cross bans blood donations from people who have lived abroad, especially from those who spent as few as three months in the UK between 1980 and 1996.

From the Paper
"The disease spread to cattle in other countries through infected animal feed UK exported to them within that decade. These countries in Europe alone included Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland (Lohn), which were reported to have at least one infected cow each. The UK also supplied animal feed to South Africa and non-European countries at that time, extending the reach Mad Cow beyond Europe and making it a global health scare."

Tags:scrapie, blood, cat, feed, bse

Abstract
In this essay the writer compares and contrasts breast feeding versus bottle feeding. The writer discusses the impact of infant and child's early interaction with food on eating habits as an adult. The writer discusses whether bottle feeding or breast feeding offers less strain to the infant.

From the Paper
"In a discussion of eating disorders in relation to food and feeding in infancy and the early childhood years, Brazelton and Sparrow point out that one of the keys to healthy eating as an adult is associated with whether a child's earliest interaction with food was a strain or a struggle. While for any given child what constitutes strain or struggle can differ, Brazelton and Sparrow's remarks bring up the question of whether generally it is less of a strain on ... "

Tags:Breast, feeding, bottle, feeding, infants

Abstract
The paper considers the 2005 drought in Nigeria and its effects on the children of the country. The paper discusses how breast-feeding can improve the chances of infants' survival by confering natural immunities to the baby and avoiding the contaminated water and milk present in Africa. The paper then looks at the choice between breast-feeding or other substitutes in mothers infected with HIV. The paper shows how there needs to be an information and education campaign concerning breast-feeding, the HIV risks, as well as other methods of feeding infants in Africa.

From the Paper
"Africa is considered to be one of the least developed areas in the world at the moment. Despite the fact that is represents one of the richest parts of the globe, it suffers from great shortage of food, water, and minimum decent life conditions. Nonetheless, the international community is either powerless, or unwilling to properly and successfully intervene in this continuous crisis. Although most of the population suffers from the lack of adequate resources for a decent life, these shortcomings are most visible at the young population especially infants."

Tags:breast-feeding, immunities, contamination, HIV

Abstract
In this paper the writer discusses the article "Factors Contributing to Preterm Infant Engagement During Bottle-Feeding," that appeared in the September/October 2004 issue of the Journal Nursing: Official Journal of the Eastern Nursing Research society and the Western Institute of Nursing. The writer notes that this journal is a peer-reviewed publication. The writer points out that this study was well written and maintains that all of its points and conclusions were clear and fully explained and supported. Further, the writer declares that the interpretations were appropriate, led to logical conclusions and appeared to be unbiased. The writer concludes that the article increases the writer's knowledge about bottle-feeding and answers many questions about the importance of an infant being engaged during the feeding process.

Outline:
Source
Abstract
Research Problem
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
Variables
Hypothesis
Design
Sample
Data Collection
Study Procedures
Ethical Consideration
Data Analysis
Discussion and Interpretation of Findings
Application to Nursing Practice
Presentation

From the Paper
"The research was clearly described as a cross-sectional study conducted in the Midwest over a period of six months. There was no manipulation of the independent variables; rather, the manner in which the data was recorded was altered to make the data more meaningful. A lot of attention was given to detail in this study and efforts were made to control for potential confounding factors."

Tags:oral, feeding, stimulation, engagement

Abstract
This paper examines the controversy regarding the use of feeding tubes at the end of life for terminal patients. The author presents the research from a nursing perspective. Additionally, the paper considers the questions of whether prolonging life with a feeding tube is in the best interest of the patient. The author includes an extensive literature review with regards to patients with dementia, cancer and other end of life issues and reviews what has been concluded about using feeding tubes at this stage. The writer also touches on the issue of living wills.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
References

From the Paper
"The past few years have seen many controversial stories played out in the news regarding end of life feeding tubes and their use. Society lines up on both sides of the issue and hotly debate whether or not using a feeding tube at the end of one's life is something that should be done even if the patient is not capable of consenting. Meanwhile patients all over the nation languish between the two sides of the debate with their families trying to make the most humane and compassionate decision regarding the placement of a feeding tube into their loved one. Many studies have been conducted regarding the use of a feeding tube on a patient who is at the end of life with differing results. With a small risk in the actual placement of the tube the question centers around whether prolonging life with a feeding tube is really in the best interest of the patient. "

Tags:feeding, tubes, elderly, aging, end, of, life, issues, nursing, care, dimentia

Abstract
This paper provides a history of the Texas Longhorn breed of cattle and the cattle ranching industry in Texas. The paper discusses the origins of the Texas Longhorn, explains why this particular breed thrived so well in Texas and looks at the history of cattle ranching in Texas, explaining that it was Texas's production of beef for the Confederacy that started the industry in the first place. The paper also describes the more famous trails used to herd cattle, the round-up that took place before driving the cattle across the trails and life on the range. Additionally, the paper discusses the impact of the cattle trade on the American economy and examines the cattle industry in America today.

Table of Contents
Arrival of Cattle in the Americas
Cattle Trade
Impacts of the Cattle Trade
Cattle Industry in America Today

From the Paper
"In Texas, the climate conditions and the range conditions were ideal for the raising of cattle, and perhaps this was why Texas became so very good in cattle rearing and farming. In addition, there was a liberal land system in Texas at the time, and this made it easy to acquire land, which everyone did. Soon, small acreage owners began to let their cattle graze on unoccupied lands, and others who had invested most of their money in cattle, came to depend on the open ranges for pastures. Even though some cattle were used to feed the soldiers of the Confederate Troops at that time, for the most part, the cattle were all left alone, and they grew in numbers as well as in size, and according to estimates, there were about five million longhorns at the end of the Civil War. The Longhorns in fact had long legs, and lanky bodies, that seemed to have been designed for speed, and because of the fact that for centuries these cattle had been allowed to run wild, they had developed into creatures that could withstand droughts and blizzards and other adversities with ease. In addition, they did not need much water to survive, and they had strong horizontal horns that could attack when provoked."

Tags:single, ancestor, auroch, domesticated, devon, purebred, explorers, great, plains

Abstract
This paper examines how, as more women enter the workforce, the question of whether or not to breast feed becomes a decision of great importance. It evaluates studies dealing with the effect of breast feeding on infant nutrition and development, as compared to the effect of bottle feeding. It shows how breast feeding has gone in and out of style throughout the years, but as research continues, its use has been proven to be overall physically and cognitively beneficial and its positive effect on health cannot be ignored.

Outline
Studying Health Care Costs of Formula-Feeding in the First Year of Life
Breast feeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes
Breast feeding Effects on Intelligence Quotient in 4- and 11-Year-Old
Research Shows Breast Feeding is Beneficial

From the Paper
"Breast feeding also has the probable protective effect of deterring sudden infant death syndrome, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma, allergic diseases, as well as other chronic digestive diseases (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997, p. 1035). Klaus and Kennell(1976) found that a mother's milk provides better immunity and eliminates dangers of formula contamination. In fact, infants that were still breast feeding at six months had gained one-and-a-half pounds more, and had had fewer infections. Klaus and Kennell (1976) surmised that these differences may simply reflect the advantages of breast feeding over bottle feeding."

Tags:formula, disease, health, growth, development

Abstract
This paper analyzes a study done on the health care costs associated with bottle-feeding infants in comparison to breast-feeding infants. This study draws on two previously conducted studies. One study analyzes the cost of caring for children that had otitis media and lower respiratory tract diseases. The other study drawn upon for the data used to conduct the research for this paper concerned children treated for gastrointestinal illnesses. Both studies drawn upon concerned infants 12 months of age and younger.

From the Paper
"The literature is heavily biased in favor of breast feeding infants. The reasons behind this bias are usually those of bonding and emotional health: breast-feeding is more natural, it provides skin-to-skin contact, and children feel more nurtured. At times, the general health benefits are discussed, such as the infant swallowing more air when bottle-feeding, the reduced frequency of dental caries when breast-feeding, and the contrasts between dentition of infants fed in either manner. The question examined by the article reviewed for this paper expands upon the issue of these general health concerns. The researchers examine the ..."

Tags:natural, mother, baby, lactation

Abstract
This paper details facts on the health debate in predominantly third world countries. It discusses the Nestle formula case and how marketing has made breast-feeding into something to be thought about by many mothers. It shows how before breast-feeding was the default choice of nutrition, formula has taken a large portion of the market share. Pros and cons of each choice is presented.

From the Paper
"Breast-feeding advocates around the world state that 1.5 million babies die each year from improper substitution of breast-feeding. That's a death every 21 seconds. Since the 1970's, an international battle has raged over the marketing exploits of the baby food industry. With Nestle controlling 40% of the multi-billion dollar worldwide baby milk industry, they have been the most visible target of boycotts and legislation. However, after almost 30 years in the news, it seems that neither side has made any real progress. Nestle claims it adheres to international code and provides a very necessary product; breast-feeding advocates shout bloody murder and continue their campaign. How can this debate be resolved?"

Tags:child, care, formula, nutrition, health, africa, nestle, market, milk, baby