Abstract
While federalism has been a critical element in the history of Canada, in recent decades its continued utility has been called into question given the comparative retreat of federal power vis-a-vis the provinces, the rise of conflicting sovereignties (e.g., Quebec and Aboriginal), and the reduction in national sovereignty in numerous policy areas with the rise of transnational economic authorities in an era of globalization. This essay will address this question with reference to the modern history of Canadian federalism. Beginning with a discussion of federalism and its decentralization/centralization dynamic tension, arguments for a stronger central authority will be advanced with respect to the twin internal/external challenges of: (i) conflicting community identities; and (ii) globalization. As will be seen, while it is undeniable that Canadian federalism has been of limited utility in recent years, an understanding of its historic role suggests that only a renewed and reinforced federalism is capable of meeting the external and internal challenges facing the Canadian state in the 21st century.

From the Paper
A Moderate Success: The Recent Evolution of Canadian Federalism and Its Importance to the Country's Future Introduction While federalism has been a critical element in the history of Canada, in recent decades its continued utility has been called into question given the comparative retreat of federal power vis-a-vis the provinces, the rise of conflicting sovereignties (e.g., Quebec and Aboriginal), and the reduction in national sovereignty in numerous policy areas with the rise of transnational economic authorities in an era of globalization. This

Tags:federalism, canada, history

Abstract
The paper discusses how federal forms of government must incorporate the fiscal needs and requirements of lower levels of government. The paper explains that while lower levels of government in Canada which are the Provincial governments and the local governments do have methods at their disposal to raise revenues, the federal government is obligated to share some of its revenues with these lower level governments. The paper describes how fiscal federalism is the system by which federal governments transfer funds in the form of grants or other financial instruments to lower levels of government (Vaillancourt). The paper clarifies that in this sense, fiscal federalism is a revenue sharing program between a federal or central government and the other levels of government beneath it.

From the Paper
"Federal forms of government must incorporate the fiscal needs and requirements of lower levels of government. While lower levels of government in Canada which are the Provincial governments and the local governments do have methods at their disposal to raise revenues, the federal government is obligated to share some of its revenues with these lower level governments. Fiscal federalism is the system by which federal governments transfer funds in the form of grants or other financial..."

Tags:fiscal, federalism, equalization

Abstract
In this article the writer examines contemporary federalism with regards to education in America. The writer specifically discusses the 'No Child Left Behind Act' of 2001. The writer describes the historic federalist system and the New Federalism in this paper. The writer also examines the power of federal authority over education.

From the Paper
"'Power: Who has it and who wants it more?' are two themes that resonate throughout the halls of government every day. Federalism, the division of powers between a central government and regional governments often causes struggles over the relative powers of each level of government. In the United States, where government is divided into federal state and local entities, each level exercises separate powers within their own spheres of authority. By establishing such a system the Framers sought to create ... "

Tags:education, federalism, government, NCLB

Abstract
This paper argues against the national model of Canadian federalism in relation to the problem of ethnic conflict and immigration issues in the country. The paper shows how by understanding the complex legislation that marginalizes local indigenous populations and the neighborhood communities through labor markets, is clear that federalism is no being applied with effective results for ethnic unity. The paper asserts that this promotes a more propagandistic and ideology idea of federalism, which is not practical within the constraints of labor issues that arise for immigrant groups.

Tags:france, england, federal

Abstract
This paper gives a comprehensive understanding of the application and theory-building nature of federalism versus neo-functionalism. The two theories are compared and contrasted for their similarities and differences, along with arguments about which theory is more influential to international organizations, as they have developed over the years. The U.N., E.U., NAFTA and CARICOM among others are mentioned as the analysis in the paper spans the developed and developing world.

From the Paper
"Both neo-functionalism and federalism are integration theories, which developed in the light of the European experience particularly after World War II, with federalism emerging first and neo-functionalism shortly after. With respect to neo-functionalism, an operational definition was given by M. Robert Shuman, embodied within a quotation in an outlined plan for the European Union. It was formerly called the Coal and Steel Union. He stated that: "Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single general plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity...the pooling of coal and steel production will immediately provide for the setting up of common bases for economic development as a first step in the federation of Europe". Carl Friedrich, on the other hand, described federalism as: "A kind of constitutional order. The function it serves is to restrain the power wielded by the inclusive community and those in it..."."

Tags:caricom, constitution, developed, developing, economic, Europe, federation, integration, law, legal, nafta, U.N., war, world

Abstract
This paper explains that the structure of the U.S. government is laid out in Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution. The author points out that the states were not granted specific powers by the Constitution; rather, they were prohibited from certain activities and actions, which makes it clear that the states did not require the federal government for their empowerment. Rather, they had, a priori, all powers the federal government did not specifically claim for itself nor prohibit to the states. The paper relates that, while there has been virtually no change in the concepts or conduct of federalism concerning international conduct and commerce, there have been significant changes in the way the federal government and states have interacted over time: states' rights have eroded, and the federalism has increased.


Table of Contents
Constitutional Framework of Federalism
Specific Powers of the Federal Government
Specific Powers of the States' Legislatures
The Changing Landscape of Federalism
Summary of the Strengths and Weakness of Federalism

From the Paper
"Although the United States is not the only nation to create a separation of powers within the authority of government-France, Great Britain, Mexico and other nations do so as well-it is the only nation that has set a constitution that is "deliberately inefficient. The separation of powers devised by the framers of the Constitution was designed to do one primary thing: To prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist." Moreover, it made those provisions in the first three articles of the Constitution."

Tags:articles, empowerment, separation, powers, gatt

Abstract
The paper discusses the theory of federalism and explains how it is different from other political systems. A short description of the history of federalism is included as well as key personalities who played a role in propagation of the concept of federalism in history. The paper also discusses the challenges that come with a federal system of governance.

Outline:
History of Federalism
Why Federalism?
Reasons for a Federal Order Rather Than Separate States or Secession
Reasons Why Federal Orders Are Preferred Over a Unitary State
References

From the Paper
"Federalism theory as a concept is concerned with the need for an arrangement that is an orderly relationship amongst various tiers of government in a country. It refers to a method of power division so that regional governments and the general governments are all within a sphere, independent and coordinating. It is a principle of practice and organization and its test is how the federalism system operates. Federalism is the process of bringing together a political community where various separate political organizations enter into an agreement to come up with solutions, come up with solutions on common problems and adopting joint policies."

Tags:politics, political system, government

Abstract
This paper focuses on the political concept of federalism, exploring theories as to its ethnic, geographical, political, and economic consequences throughout the world. The paper asserts that, in theory, after federalism has been established there is equal and shared power, so there is an incentive to work together for the benefit of all, rather than fighting or exaggerating differences between localities. The paper contends that this is able to happen because federalism guarantees power for regional governments in the central government, where regional interests can influence decisions as well as having a secondary government system. The federalist system offers an alternative to the centralized authority of unitary states, the paper explains; therefore, the expectation is that federal states with diverse populations will united despite this, and unitary systems with diverse populations will be disunited. The paper concludes that federalism is often found in countries with ethnic cleavages and due to the close relationship between the regional government and the electorate in many cases there is increased turnout at the regional level; however, each of the consequence has yielded results that contradict the general flow of this assertion. This paper contains illustrative tables and figures.

From the Paper
"The question also implies a degree to which the federalist system produces 'predictable consequences;' that there is some form of behavioural pattern or phenomenon that results due to the existence of the federal division of power. Based on this premise, it is possible to suggest patterns of behaviour that would be expected in federalist system. Three particular consequences have been chosen in order to assess this claim and to test how predictable they are. A federalist state would expect to have high voter turnout due to the localised nature of power in states, a voting system that uses a proportional representation in order to account for differences at the national level and finally that federalism has been implemented in states where there are diverse ethnic cleavages in the populations to increase unity. Each of these hypotheses will be taken individually and tested against case examples."

Tags:theory, international, structure, leadership

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current status of federalism within the U.S. It is the thesis of the paper that the President, the Courts and Congress have assumed influential and significant roles in the shaping of federalism in recent decades. Initially, a conceptualization of federalism is offered, as established by the founding fathers. Current literature is then used to identify factors associated with and the role assumed by the presidency, the Courts and Congress in federalism as it exists today within the U.S.

From the Paper
"A number of landmark cases have been identified that offer evidence of the Courts efforts to restore federalism. United States v. Morrison has been identified as one of the most significant rulings favoring federalism during the 1999 term. Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Kennedy, O'Connor, Scalia, and Thomas, in their ruling on this case, annulled the civil remedies provision of the 1994 Violence against Women Act, which authorized victims of gender-motivated violence to sue their aggressors for damages in federal court. As ruled by the Justices, in a 5-4 opinion delivered by Chief Justice Rehnquist, the Court held that Congress lacked the authority to enact a statute under the Commerce Clause or the Fourteenth Amendment since the statute did not regulate an activity that substantially affected interstate commerce nor did it redress harm caused by the state."

Tags:Constitution, Justice, Thomas, UMRA

Abstract
This paper examines a case study of the various post-World War II attempts to alter the balance between federal and state power in the American federal system by reducing national activities and separating federal and state functions. This paper discusses the historical and other factors, which account for the way the American federal system and inter-governmental relations function, and suggests the way they might evolve to meet contemporary needs. The author concludes that no single model of federalism and intergovernmental relations should be permitted to prevail.

Table of Contents
Summary of the Case Analysis
Statements of the Intergovernmental Issues Involved
Analysis of the Selected Model of Federalism
Models of Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations
Conclusion and Recommendations

From the Paper
"In some areas of domestic policy, federal initiatives have been absolutely vital. For example, while various compromises on the issue of slavery may have helped delay the Civil War, it took vigorous action by the federal government at first in the 1860s and 1870s and later in response to the Civil Rights Revolution of the 1960s to protect the civil rights of blacks, and other minorities. In the economic sphere, many of the economic and social reforms which brought the excesses of Big Business under control in the late 19th and early 20th century originated in the states."

Tags:state, intergovernment, relations, rights, republic