Abstract
This paper examines the functioning of the federal budget process and explores the barriers involved. The paper explains that federal budgeting can also be split up into its basic standards of activity and measurement. The expenditure process involves three different stages of budget authorization, obligation, and outlays. The paper discusses the various parties involved in decision-making regarding the federal budget from Congress to the president. The laws pertinent to the federal budget process are presented in the paper. The paper contends that the federal budgetary procedure is required to endorse specific and apparent information on budgetary alternatives, to provide the lawmakers with a structure for arriving at agreeable conclusions on expenditure and receipt strategies, and to facilitate those policies to be implemented.

From the Paper
"As is with any complicated strategy, the federal budgeting can also be split up into its basic standards of activity and measurement. The expenditure process involves three different stages of budget authorization, obligation and outlays. The Budget authority is bestowed by the Congress and President within the legal framework. It generates the legal base for federal units to make the financial responsibilities enforceable in terms of the obligations. The activities of the federal agencies in form of executing contracts, appointment of personnel and executing orders for goods and services give rise to generation of such obligations. The outlays follow when the obligations are settled down. The outlays are normally in shape of the checks, electronic fund transfers and other payments effected to by the Treasury Branch. The budget authorities mostly are provided to the agencies every year being excerpted from the legislations made during the previous Congresses. The funds are provided without the legislation by the Congress. (Keith, 1996)"

Tags:expenditure, money, finances

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the federal budget as a whole is a compilation of numbers about the revenues, spending, borrowing and overall debt of the government as a unit. The writer points out that the government's budget revenues come primarily from taxes of one kind or another, but can originate from other sources as well such as duties on imports and exports, fines, licenses, and gifts to name but a few.

From the Paper
"In answering the question on if the federal budgeting process would benefit or suffer from the application of accounting rules, one must first ask if the federal budget is simply just the same as any other corporate ..."

Tags:federal, budget, process

Abstract
The paper relates that the budget promises 13 billion in additional financing through financial crown corporations - including $5 billion in credit made available through the new Business Credit Availability Program. The paper discusses how the 2009 budget also creates a single securities regulator; increases the maximum eligible loan a small business can access through the Business Credit Availability Program; provides money to the Canada Business Network and to the Canadian Youth Business Foundation; allocates more money to the Canada Graduate Scholarships Program and to the Canada Foundation for Innovation; provides $1 billion over 5 years to the Southern Ontario Development Agency; and creates a Clean Energy Fund for the development of sustainable technologies.

From the Paper
"Analysis/critique of federal budget. Highlights of budget. To get things started, the budget promises 13 billion in additional financing through financial crown corporations - including $5 billion in credit made available through the new Business Credit Availability Program. The 2009 budget also creates a single securities regulator; increases the maximum eligible loan a small business can access through the Business Credit Availability Program; provides money to the Canada Business Network and to the Canadian Youth Business Foundation; allocates more money to the Canada Graduate Scholarships..."

Tags:budget, analysis, implications

Abstract
This paper discusses the federal budget deficit and various strategies that can be formulated to address it. Particularly important are several budgetary techniques employed at the state level, specifically Georgia, that are effective at controlling spending without increasing taxation. Private research institutes, such as the Cato Institute, often propose more radical solutions but these are indicative of the importance of controlling the deficit.

From the Paper
"Most analysts readily admit that the federal budget deficit is bordering on the unmanageable. Between geopolitical events such as the Iraq War, numerous petrochemical industry developments, and natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, increasing deficits at the federal level have been the modus operandi of the current administration: "The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) announced on August 26th that the fiscal year 2004 federal budget deficit will be an estimated $480 billion, and that deficits could total $5 trillion over the next 10 years" (Budget par.1). While certainly state budgets are not of the same magnitude as the federal government's budget, they are similarly devised and the federal government would be well-advised to appropriate some of the fiscal controls that many states have adopted. Georgia, for example, utilizes a revenue shortfall reserve program that is mandated by law (Georgia). Essentially, this fund is created..."

Tags:deficit, taxation, state

From the Paper
"In the summer of 1990, the federal government's budget deficit once again appears to be an uncontrollable beast, and, as usual, (1) the two major political parties attempt to blame one another for the problem, and (2) the Bush Administration and the Congress each attempts to cast the other in the role of villain. In the midst of the fight over the budget, a controversy has arisen over the retirement trust funds administered by the Social Security Administration. Somewhat inexplicably, the federal budget deficit and the retirement trust funds are, unfortunately, interrelated. It is this interrelationship which is examined in this research."

Abstract
An analysis of the current budget deficit and its causes--a slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts. The paper also addresses the economic effect of a deficit on the economy and the desirable and adverse effects caused by a deficit. This essay concludes that spending would be more productive if directed to structural elements of the economy.

From the Paper
"Budget deficits occur when government expenditure is greater than revenue, forcing the government to borrow to meet its requirements. There are many potential economic effects of a deficit; the most apparent is an expansionary effect on the economy caused by injections of money being greater than withdrawals. Fiscal policy, among many other mechanisms is used to manipulate the economy. However, budget deficits should be used as to not adversely affect the economy. The federal budget deficit set the new record of $374 billion in 2003, doubling last year's efforts (Fram). The record deficit has been caused by the slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts for the rich. This indicates that the great America does not know how to balance the checkbook, and certainly does not know how to spend wisely."

Tags:bush, debt, fiscal, iraq, monetary, spending, surplus, tax, tax, trade, war

Abstract
This paper discusses the federal budget surplus and presents each side of the debate over what to do with it. The Republican plan is presented first, and then the Democratic. The paper then concludes with a personal opinion of the issue which favors the Republican position.

From the Paper
"The Federal Budget Process
Introduction


This research examines the process involved in the enactment of the federal budget. Congressional and executive roles in the process are reviewed, as are the interactions and conflicts between the Congress and the President in the development of a national budget. Deficit reduction measures, such as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Bill, and the drive for a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution are also addressed.



The Budgeting Process ..."

Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.

From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "

Tags:budgetary, budgeting, fiscal, pennsylvania

Abstract
In this paper the author examines the US Federal Budget during the Clinton administration and how he reduced the deficit to a surplus amount in 1998. He moves on to discuss the changing American economy and provides examples of why he considers that there are times in a nation's life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial. The author suggests that use of debt spending during wars and times of recession help to boost the economy but can be detrimental to the Stock Market. He further examines levels of taxation and compares the effect that different administrations have had on the federal deficit.

From the paper:

"Determining the correct, or economically benign, level of deficit and debt is a subject for endless debate. Economies do not operate by a simple law of cause and effect, of plus and minus, of deficit and surplus. They are complex interweaving of many economic and psychological factors, both domestic and international. Although a huge deficit is never to be praised, there are times in a nation's life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial."

Tags:Clinton, Regan, Bush, Terrorism, War, Federal, Budget, Deficit, Tax, Stock, Market, America