Abstract
This paper explains that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
is created, directed and empowered by the Congressional statute and is answerable only to the United States Congress; its responsibility is regulating the radio spectrum for the non-governmental use of radio and television broadcasting and all forms of telecommunication such as wireless, satellite, cable and the internet. The author points out that the FCC is criticized for being both too restrictive and permissive causing several hardships to the general public and to the service providers such as delaying the licensing of new projects thereby making the use of new technologies risky. The paper relates that a positive role played by the agency is safe guarding the societal interests controlling the use of electromagnetic waves, popularly known as radio spectrum, which have emerged as one of important secondary needs of the human society along with electricity and the motorcar.

Table of Contents
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Critical Analysis of the Functioning of FCC
Positive Aspects of FCC
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The commission is governed by a group of five commissioners appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the senate for a five-year term. One of the commissioners, nominated by the President officiates as the Chirman of the commission. Ten staff Offices and six operating Bureaus under the overall supervision of the office of the Managing Director, assist the commissioners in executing the responsibilities like processing of applications for licenses and other filings, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, developing and implementing regulatory programs, and taking part in hearings based on judicial disputes arising in the use of radio spectrum."

Tags:indecency, monopolistic, electromagnetic-waves, regulation, delays

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the FCC's recent rule changes regarding broadcast ownership in the United States. Specifically, it will discuss what is involved, the arguments on both sides of the issue, and the relative relationship and authority between the FCC and Congress in this dispute.

From the Paper
"The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) recently issued new rules regarding broadcast ownership in America today, and the rules have generated great controversy since they were announced. Basically, the "FCC's rules make it easier for media corporations to buy more newspapers and television stations but tighten radio ownership rules" (Ahrens). Many critics of the new rules believe that allowing huge media corporations to buy even more newspapers and television stations would not only create a monopoly on the media in many areas, it would create a large lack of independent thought in the news and media. With a few large media corporations controlling essentially all of the media in many areas, free thought and expression would be replaced with a corporate spin on all the news available in the area. Before the FCC passed the new rules, millions of Americans voiced their displeasure over the new rules by writing letters and sending petitions to Washington, however, the FCC chose to ignore the pleas of the citizens, and OK'd the new rules in spite of the growing voice against them."

Tags:broadcast, media, radio, television

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the recent FCC decisions concerning media and the percentage of ownership companies are allowed to have. The writer examines the issues, the decisions, and the Congressional intervention following public outcry about those decisions.

From the Paper
"One of the things that makes America great, according to many experts, is the diversity of the media. While one media source may be extremely conservative, another source may be more liberal. It is this balance of sides that has made the nation's media the solid source that it is today. Media has been depended on for many generations as a source of information. While most people are aware that the media is biased in its presentation there have always been stopgaps in place to prevent a controlling bias. One of the stop gaps that has been in place for many years was the mandate prohibiting any one media company from owning a large percentage of the television market."

Tags:public, percentage, congress

Abstract
This paper explains what the new regulations of the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) are. The paper shows how the FCC has recently authorized novel mergers amid media corporations and that adversaries of the novel set of laws are expecting Congress to build no less than a temporary halt for such contracts and set of laws.

Contents
Introduction
Relationship and Authority between the FCC and Congress
Against the FCC rules
For the FCC Rules
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The novel FCC regulations intimidate Congress for the reason that they might add to the financial resources, as well as manpower that media corporations can spend in dealing with the news, counting the mischief of politicians, and they would reduce the aptitude of politicians to have an effect on news reporting. This is why the FCC sketched condemnation from such ideologically varied lawmakers as Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.), Rep. John Dingell (D-Mich.), Sen. Trent Lott (R-Miss.), Sen. Ernest Hollings (D-S.C.), Sen. Ted Stevens (R-Alaska), and Sen. John Edwards (D-N.C.). Huge, varied media companies could more powerfully analyze members of Congress, and could in addition offer more incisive reporting of influential special interest groups."

Tags:television, communication, federal, congress, law, pirate

Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and whether or not their regulations violate individuals' right to free speech. The paper explains that The FCC is often presented as the big brother government trying to control and restrict people's access to free speech and expression; however, the commission was created as a means of monitoring and regulating communications to protect individuals' rights to not be subjected to indecent or offensive content. The paper centers on two court cases involving the FCC and the validity of rulings they made in regards to inappropriate content, the first case is the FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, which occurred in 1978. The second case, FCC v. Fox Television Stations, was decided in 2009 and called into question the 1978 court ruling. The paper concludes that despite the reoccurring challenges, the FCC's interpretation of the first amendment has been upheld by the Supreme Court -the final voice on constitutional issues.

From the Paper
"In response to the FCC, the Pacifica Foundation argued that the monologue was played during a show discussing society's sensitivity to language (U.S. Supreme Court 1978). In addition, the Pacifica Foundation defended their action by stated they did issue a warning at the start of the broadcast that the show would contain language not appropriate for all audiences (U.S. Supreme Court 1978). The FCC countered this argument with one of their own. The FCC argued that radio stations by there very nature attracted audiences that will listen inconsistently (U.S. Supreme Court 1978). This meant that it could not be assumed that a listener would hear a radio broadcast from the very beginning, and would have heard the warning regarding the content of the show. The FCC's argument was supported by the subsequent Supreme Court ruling."

Tags:ethics, decency, modern, Act, 1934, inappropriate

Abstract
Microbroadcasters are citizens who put low-powered radio stations on the air without a license from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The paper discusses the reasons and the history behind these acts of civil disobedience.

From the Paper
"Noam Chomsky the leading American critic said in one of his interviews that "where there is even a pretense of democracy communications are at its heart". (Chomsky, 2002) Given the present situation of our society, however it is no surprise that we find communication not at the heart of a vibrant democracy, but rather under the heal of an oppressive and contradictory system of commercialism, censorship, and control. "

Tags:radio, Federal, Communications, Commission, civil, disobediance

Abstract
This paper examines how and why certain ads are accepted or rejected by the media while also delving into who ultimately decides which ads are broadcast to the viewing public. The writer of this paper focuses on the most recent Super Bowl which was broadcast on the CBS television network while detailing the reasons behind two specific ads which were rejected due to their content. This paper delves into the First Amendment to the Constitution and its relevance to this particular topic. The paper also analyzes the rules and regulations stipulated by the Federal Communications Commission and its resulting impact on the advertising industry as a whole.

From the Paper
"Although the Super Bowl is a public event that is the most watched TV program, it is a privately produced show and the choice of what ads to run rests with the network, a private company. Once CBS network bought the rights to broadcast the Super Bowl it had First Amendment rights to choose what it would or would not broadcast. Under the First Amendment CBS has the right to exercise its editorial judgment regarding the content of Super Bowl ads."

Tags:Super, Bowl, CBS, Advertisements, Ads, First, Amendment, FCC

Abstract
This paper focuses on the violence that children watch and how this violence can lead children to be aggressive and violent. The paper reveals facts that show that children who watch violence on television become violent. The paper asserts that a study of who is responsible for children seeing violence should include whether the media, Federal Communication Commission (FCC), or parents are responsible.

From the Paper
"The average kid in America spends 6 hours a day in front of a screen ... While they're watching, children will have witnessed 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders on TV alone by age 18" (Smoots 3). In view of the fact, that children spend several hours per day watching television, who is responsible for the violence that children see on television? Is the media responsible? Are parents responsible? Children learn by what they see and hear. If children are watching television programs where violence is repeated and they fail to understand that the violence on television is not real, then children repeat violence that they see. Children become..."

Tags:television, violence, children

Abstract
This paper examines how, during the years from 1930-1960, radio became an increasingly popular form of entertainment for Americans. It looks at how technological changes helped spark the spectacular growth of radio and how in the 1930s radio programs were hugely varied and included a wide number of entertainment programs, as well as a number of hugely popular news programs. It explores how governmental intervention in radio began in 1934 with the creation of the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and how, in the years from 1930 to 1960, radio gradually shifted its focus from variety-style entertainment programs to music programming, largely as a result of the appearance of television. It also discusses how radio today focuses largely on the music industry rather than the variety programs that were popular during the years 1930-1940, but still remains a hugely popular part of American culture.

Outline
Introduction
Government Involvement
Technology
The Growth of Radio 1930-1960
Programming
Famous Moments
Important People and Performers
The Preservation of Old-Time Radio
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the 1940s, FM became popular, as the FCC authorized broadcasting on 42-50MHZ. During the war, manufacturing and technology boom in radio, although home users were limited by wartime shortages. In 1945, the FCC changed the FM band to 88 to 108 megacycles. In 1946, selenium rectifiers began to replace vacuum tube rectifiers. By 1947 the size of radios were reduced, as miniature rectifiers, tubes, transformers and printed circuit boards became popular. The transistor was invented in 1947, and first introduced to the public in 1948 (A Brief History of Radio). "

Tags:variety, programs, entertainment, television

Abstract
This paper discusses how children are affected by watching violence on television and suggests that a study be carried out to define whether the responsibility rests with the media, Federal Communication Commission (FCC), or the parents. The paper includes results from various research studies as well as different arguments put forward claiming the educational value of television.

From the Paper
"Research points the fact that observing violence on television can be related to them becoming aggressive or violent as a child and/or as an adult. The American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry has made a statement that they firmly believe that children who watch violence can become violent (Arvidson 494). Some people though believe that the violence children see on television is not enough to make children realize that they are watching fantasy and not reality. The violence they see in these shows do not show the heart break of the families nor does it show the fact that people who are murdered are dead. Mike Oppenheim argues that the violence on television is not enough because it is more fantasy than the horrors that happen in real life and it fails to teach children that violence is wrong (14). While this may be true in many ways, the fact is that children watching the violence often cannot determine the difference from fantasy and reality. "Characters get shot with double-barreled shotguns and they get back up. It sets in a humorous context with a laugh track, and communicates to preschoolers that violence is funny and it's OK to do" (Hurst 8). Children are shown violence in television shows, movies and even cartoons. The fact is that almost ten percent of violence can be related to television violence (Hurst 8). Whether it is television shows, cartoons, movies, or video games, children are influenced by what they see. The question is whether the media, FCC, or parents that should be blamed."

Tags:aggressive, influence, broadcasters