Abstract
This paper will combine three poems that have been analyzed to create a theme amongst the different writers discussed. The poems: "Photograph of my Father in his Twenty Second Year" by Raymond Carter, "My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory" by Judith Ortiz Cofer and "My Papa's Waltz" Theodore Roethke, will all be discussed on the grounds that they all have in common, fathers. The poems will be discussed according to the perception of fatherhood through the eyes of the individual poets.

Abstract
The paper compares the traditional role of men in Japanese society to the role of men in Japanese society today. The paper explains that the traditional role required that men work and remain distant from their families while maintaining a masculine authority over the household. The paper then explains that these traditional roles have been threatened by social changes since the 1970s. The paper paints a picture of how today's men are no longer able to demand the same authority and respect and cannot be such distant husbands and fathers.

From the Paper
"The traditional role of men in Japanese society and in the Japanese family is one of the aloof bread-winner. This role comes directly from the Japanese cultural history, rooted in Confucianism. The expectation under these social roles dictates that men work and remain distant from their families while maintaining a masculine authority over the household. Since the 1970s, these traditional roles have been threatened by social changes including modernity, technological advances, and the feminist movement in Japan."

Tags:authority, distance, respect, women

Abstract
The paper reviews this essay, written by a professional writer, David Osbourne, who also defined himself as a "househusband". The paper assesses the claim by Osbourne, that his staying at home upset conventional gender norms and changed the way childcare is valued in society.

From the Paper
"It is interesting that, even in defense of nontraditional gender roles, there is a certain level of defensiveness in Osborne's own explanation of what he does all day. This has his roots in the societal attitudes Osborne is subjected to as someone whose child is not cared for in the standard way by parents in conventionally accepted gender roles. A father is supposed to be an economic provider rather than a nurturer. A father is supposed to be outside of the home and come home at night, rather than the child's mother. Even though Osborne clearly works, because he is able to labor in the conventionally female realm of the home, his work is supposed to have less value in the eyes of society. "

Tags:gender, norm, role, conventional, childcare, masculine, feminine, man, woman

Abstract
This paper compares themes in Hemingway's short stories of fatherhood and marriage, as well as how those ideas come across to a 21st century audience.

From the Paper
"It is difficult to read Ernest Hemingway's stories, which were written almost a hundred years ago, at the beginning of the 20th century and not compare it to 21st century attitudes and points of view. It is also difficult to read these stories without comparing them to the life of the writer himself, how he lived it, what his own attitudes were to men and women, and knowing about how he ended his own life. This paper will briefly look..."

Tags:In Our Time, Hemingway, fatherhood, marriage

Abstract
The paper discusses Wilson's opinion and vision of fatherhood in the story and what critics think about this vision. The paper shows how Wilson's opinion of fatherhood in this play is colored by his own experiences and inability to understand and forgive his father. The paper illustrates how his portrayal of Troy Maxson is therefore partially based on his strained relationship with his stepfather. The paper discusses how Wilson's hope is to allow sons to learn from their fathers, while not committing the same mistakes their fathers made. However, the paper points out that his play illustrates just how difficult it is for fathers and sons to put the past behind them.

From the Paper
"The play follows the lives of the Maxson family, Troy, the father, and Cory and Lyons, his sons. Like most fathers, Troy wants more for his sons than he has, but he often goes about influencing them the wrong way. Wilson based the quarrels between father and sons on his own relationship with his father and stepfather, which may explain why his portrayal of fatherhood is so difficult to read. Critic Sandra G. Shannon notes, "The playwright's own turbulent passage into manhood with neither financial nor emotional support from his father is reflected in the escalating battle royal between the antagonistic Troy and his defiant son Cory" (Shannon 92)."

Tags:relationship, argument, father, son, antagonism

Abstract
This paper analyzes the book "Family Man: Fatherhood, Housework and Gender Equity," written in 1996 by sociologist Scott Coltrane. The paper describes Coltrane's view that men have become more involved with the household responsibilities over the past several decades. The paper also briefly describes Coltrane's ten general trends that he discusses in his book.

From the Paper
"Coltrane spends a great deal of his book giving evidence about how men are helping out more around the house and with the children. However, in the last chapter, he hedges by saying that changes are occurring slowly and the division of labor depends on the mindset of the couple--traditional and conservative versus more liberal and open minded. "Yet overall men still do considerably less than their wives around the house," admits Coltrane. Factors such as long-term gender roles, greater importance on the man's role over the woman's, and women who feel guilty about handing over the broom, will take longer to change (p. 230)."

Tags:traditional, conservative, household

Abstract
An examination of the literature which deals with divorce and single parenting. The writer shows that most of this literature is written from a female perspective. This paper analyzes the male perspective. It shows how men are misrepresented in the court system and how few single-parent families are headed by the father. The writer discusses what changes need to be made in the judicial and welfare systems.

From the Paper
"Consider the comment below, made by a participant in a support group for non-custodial fathers in Toronto, Canada: There is a wide perception that we aren't important, that we have a small role to play in our children's lives. In the legal system, we're treated like enemies. On television, we're bumbling fools like Homer Simpson. Few people take us seriously (Leving & Kenick, 1999). "

Tags:fatherhood, social, work, parent, male, father, divorce, child

Abstract
The paper discusses how married women today are more involved in the paid work force which has led many to argue that domestic work is slowly transforming, with more men doing more housework. The paper explores this social change of an increasing number of fathers who are stay-at-home dads. The paper quotes results that show that children greatly benefit from a father's presence. Furthermore, the paper discusses various studies that have demonstrated that fathers are just as competent and nurturing with infants and young children as mothers. The paper concludes that most experts feel that this reverse childcare role will have positive long-term consequences for the children.

From the Paper
"Following the recent trend in female fertility rates, Australian men, like those in other Western nations, are postponing parenthood until they are older, and some men are choosing not to have children at all. According to a study by JaneMaree Maher, published in the March 2004 issue of The Journal of Men's Studies, the median age of Australian father was 29.4 years in 1980, compared to 32.3 in 2000. Maher interviewed thirteen male parents, three of whom had school-aged children, while the others had toddlers or babies. These men are parenting in an era characterized by new discourses about the role a father is expected to play in his child's life, meaning he not only changes diapers but is involved and emotionally engaged (Maher 2004)."

Tags:male, female, children, paternity, mothers, fathers

Abstract
This paper compares the father figures in Dubus' two works. It explores their action and motivations for their actions and comes to highlight why fatherhood can be painful. It expands on the fathers' need to protect their children and discusses the moral and ethical outcome of their actions. The paper offers quotes from both texts to qualify points made.

From the Paper
"The murderer Richard Strout gets out of jail on bond awaiting trial, and Matt's wife Ruth keeps seeing her son's killer around town ("...she sees him all the time, it makes her cry" (p. 65). Meanwhile, Matt "every day in his soul... shot Richard Strout in the face..." (p. 68). His motivation is thus two-fold, to protect his wife from having to see her son's killer face to face everyday, and to avenge the senseless death of his son, which he cannot escape from. "...Since it happened he had not been able to think about any of the small pleasures he believed he had earned, as he had earned also what was shattered now forever; the quietly harried and quietly pleasurable days of fatherhood" (p. 65). "

Tags:fatherhood, children, protection, ethics

Abstract
This paper attempts to substantiate the theory that the absence of the African-American fathers' role in the life of their children creates an environment conducive for maladjusted children. It explores the topic in order to reflect the fact that the absence of fatherhood in all cultures does demonstrate a similar alarming trend. It shows how there are many factors that enhance or lessen the effects fathers may have on their children, whether it is the quality or quantity of the time spent with their children, and analyzes whether there is a distinction between the results of one over the other.

Outline
Introduction
Background: Paternal Influences of Fatherhood
Environmental Causes of Absentee Fatherhood in
African American Families: Effects on Children?
Poverty
Gender
Statistical Confirmation of the African American Family Poverty
Education
Unemployment
Divorce
Institutional Racism
Unwarranted Incarceration
Impact on Children
Attachment and Fatherhood
Relevance of Theory
Practice Concerns
Summary Conclusions

From the Paper
"There is a space between where the conflict ends and where the effect of disorganization begins. It is at this point that we can view the changes that are the result of the many violent constraints and exploitations. Furthermore, we can explore this problem of African American fatherhood absenteeism through a concept called Social and Cultural Disorganization (Lowery, 1974). This theory was explored in Chicago between 1920 and the 1930's. Disorganization was defined as "a disintegration of the values and rules that govern everyday behavior". In my judgment, Social Disorganization is what we see within the context of this African American male population in the form of lack of hope, hooked on dope, violent crime, mate bashing (Domestic violence), and absenteeism from fatherhood responsibilities, which is herewith being examined."

Tags:racism, poverty, divorce, education, unemployment