Abstract
This paper discusses how most people believe that fascism is the opposite of democracy and socialism. The paper describes how in fascism, the State has the power to make decisions that affect the people who have little say in what happens. The paper reveals that while most people think of fascism as being in the past, fascism continues in the present in the United States.

From the Paper
""The murder of Benito Mussolini on 28 April 1945 marked the end of Italian Fascism's 26-year regime" ("Mussolini's Fascism" 40). Fascism is often linked with Benito Mussolini. The term fascism can be linked to unity with the symbol of bound sticks symbolizing unity. Most people believe that fascism is the opposite of democracy and socialism. In fascism, the State has the power to make decisions that affect the people who have little say in what happens. While most people think of fascism being in the past, fascism continues in the present in the United States. The fascist movement begins slowly with mass production in a country where..."

Tags:fascism, germany, italy

Abstract
The paper discusses how the radical nationalists who ruled over Italy and Germany in the 1930s and 1940s are commonly labelled as fascists. The paper asserts that fascism is not easily described and the fact that it did not follow a single coherent cannon makes a precise definition both necessary and problematic. The paper argues the thesis that both Italian fascism and German Nazism have emerged as radical ideology during a time of crisis as a reaction to the inability to deal with the crisis. The paper discusses how rejecting reason, fascism is a totalitarian ideology with the cult of personality of the leader strongly influencing its cannon.

From the Paper
"The radical nationalist who ruled over Italy and Germany in the 1930s and 1940s are commonly labelled as fascists. Fascism is not easily described and the fact that it did not follow a single coherent cannon makes a precise definition both necessary and problematic. Thesis: Both Italian fascism and German Nazism have emerged as radical ideology during a time of crisis as a reaction to the inability to deal with the crisis. Rejecting reason, fascism is a totalitarian ideology with the cult of personality of the leader strongly influencing its cannon. In order to be able to define fascism it is important to keep in mind that..."

Tags:fascism, ideology, nazis

Abstract
This essay discusses how fascism was predominantly a racist movement that was adopted by Hitler in his "Final Solution". Racist thinkers such as J.G. Herder and Arthur De Gobineau contributed to the formulation and dissemination of racist categories of thinking that paved the foundation to fascism. Fascism was also the expression of a people who felt humiliated and powerless and needed a scapegoat to take out their rage and frustration.

Tags:fascism

Abstract
This paper is an examination of the nature of fascism and then focuses on the rise of fascism in Austria. The paper finds that fascism was largely without a coherent philosophy, and consisted of a glorification of the past while claiming to look to the future. The paper notes that it was fundamentally anti-democratic, which led to its failure in Britain, France, and the Nordic states. The paper discusses how in Austria, the fascists formed a private army which did thug work for industrialists and anti-socialists, but this party was eventually overwhelmed by the Nazis.

From the Paper
"In the period between World War I and World War II in Europe, fascists in several countries struggled to overpower traditional conservatives. Fascism had strong roots and was firmly linked to the history of each country. Although claiming to look to the future, fascism invariably included a glorification of the past, generally a mythical past. In power, the fascists looked to support from the industrialists and big landowners. (Woolf, 3) Fascism generally was the radical right; conservatives represented the..."

Tags:austria, fascism, interwar

Abstract
This paper looks at the representation of fascism within the film medium of "1900". The paper looks at how films re-vision historical events and themes through close analysis of the portrayal of fascism in the film. The paper looks at Bertolucci himself, his views and beliefs and whether or not he challenges or advocates historical myths and assumptions.

From the Paper
"Bertolucci was born in Parma, Italy in 1940. His father encouraged his love of film, being amongst many things a film critic, and history professor , while his mother, whom Bertolucci described as "the most mysterious person in my life" , played a rather remote role within the family. Bertolucci has created a number of films, many enjoying commercial and critical success. Bertolucci's films often make political comments, furthermore 1900, despite being funded by two major American film companies ironically displays communist sentiment. 1900 re/visions the class struggle between the peasants and the landowners within 75 years of Italian history. This is captured within a four and a half hour long 'epic', exploring the relationship between two boys born on the same day from different class structures and foregrounding the rise of fascism and socialist resistance in Italy. Arguably film is the chief carrier of historical messages , being more accessible than novels or history books. However, film is perhaps the most problematic means of historical representation. Hollywood films attempt to make profit, thus they strive to entertain, win awards, and to a much lesser extent educate. 1900 is not a Hollywood film, and despite having big name actors , the film by no means follows typical Hollywood conventions. Historical films 're/vision' history; they transcend the 'linear, analytic and scientific' , and often move beyond absolute realism. They provide a vision which is subject to the value systems and motives of the filmmaker and the period in which the film was made. Through close examination of 1900, Bertolucci's revisioning of the understanding of Fascism is clearly displayed."

Tags:1900, bernardo, bertolucci, communism, fascism, film, history, italian, italy, socialism

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the book "Technology, War and Fascism" by Herbert Marcuse. According to the paper, Marcuse wrote these essays in the 1940s and 1950s, and they have been gathered together into a collection by his son. The paper reports that Marcuse was a liberal philosopher, famous in the 20th century for his liberal thought and understanding. The paper discusses how this book outlines Marcuse's philosophy on war, and the growing technology in the U.S. and the world at the time.

From the Paper
"After discussing Germany in such detail, the book outlines three projects Marcuse worked on while he worked for the U.S. State Department. These projects all dealt with German subjects, mostly German civil affairs and the disillusion of the Nazi Party after the war. At the time they were written, these were all classified documents. Marcuse notes that he did all the writing for these projects, while he had aides that helped gather and interpret data. He also notes a variety of publications used in evaluating the data. This section shows how involved the U.S. was in restoring Germany to its former democratic state and how experts such as Marcuse (and many others) helped them formulate plans in this regard. This is a small section of the book, but it is an important glimpse into history, and creates more impact for the overall reading of the book. "

Tags:fascism, nazi, germany, technocracy, domination, national, socialism

Abstract
The paper explains how the two ideologies of fascism and classical liberalism are at opposite ends of the political spectrum in almost every category, but most significantly in terms of how each places the role of the individual within the larger community. The paper shows how the basic role of the individual, in terms of rights and duties, is what defines both of these political ideologies, but by interpreting that role in exactly opposite ways, these political philosophies create by extrapolation two very different views of society, government, and mankind.

From the Paper
"The two ideologies of fascism and classical liberalism are at opposite ends of the political spectrum in almost every category, but most significantly in terms of how each places the role of the individual within the larger community. The basic role of the individual, in terms of rights and duties, is what defines both of these political ideologies, but by interpreting that role in exactly opposite ways, these political philosophies create by extrapolation two very different views of society, government, and mankind. Classical liberalism, the older of the two ideologies, developed in both..."

Tags:fascism, liberalism, hitler

Abstract
This paper provides a book critique of Victoria De Grazia's 1992 text titled "How Fascism Ruled Women, Italy 1922-1945". The writer discusses Mussolini's insistence on woman's obligation to produce children for the needs of the state.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this brief essay is to explore ideas advanced by Victoria De Grazia in her text titled "How Fascism Ruled Women Italy". In this book, De Grazia considered how Fascism under the leadership of Il Duce Benito Mussolini impacted upon the lives and experiences of women. Directed to an audience of both scholars interested in the rise and effects of Italian Fascism feminist readers searching for woman's historical experiences in various time periods and general audiences as well the text ..."

Tags:Italy, women, Fascism, Mussolini, feminism

Abstract
This paper looks at how Stanley Payne attempts to define fascism in his book "Fascism: Comparison and Definition". The paper explains that in order to address the challenge of fascism, we must understand what fascism is. The paper discusses how fascism went through a series of stages in Italy and Germany and how Hitler created what was arguably the purest fascist state, although it did not conform fully to the principles of fascism. The paper notes that Spain and Portugal represent two other case studies for Payne, but he finds in neither of them the true fascist regime. The writer points out that Payne covered a tremendous range of sources ,as the footnotes throughout the book show, but unfortunately Payne leaves a much more profound question unasked and unanswered: Do we need to re-examine the history and meaning of fascism to determine if it is becoming a prevalent force in parts of the world that Payne found no reason to discuss, and is the United States in danger of becoming fascist?

From the Paper
"Payne reviews the antecedents of modern fascism and finds these in the "corporatist" movement, a movement which sought to combined social orders under an authoritarian government working closely with business cartels, in reaction to chaotic individualism.(23-24 ) It was also a reaction to the splintered state of many democratic movements (25-26), and a neomonarchist movement (27-29), and a support movement for imperialist policies. (29-31) All of these forces converged at a time of terrible cultural crisis as the First World War tore Europe and European sensibilities to pieces. In the psychological void that followed, many people found comfort in the simplicity of authoritarian answer."

Tags:totalitarian, autocracies, authoritarian, neomonarchist, movement, democratic

Abstract
Fascism is arguably the most influential and controversial political ideology in modern history and continues to be a fascinating topic for political study and discussion. The paper shows that ,despite fascism?s worldwide existence and its responsibility for the development of numerous groups and political movements, Germany remains only one of two countries (the other being Italy) in which the ideology of fascism has enjoyed the success of political power. The paper shows that although there is very little consensus amongst political scientists and academics on many issues of fascism, there is a general agreement that the success of fascism in Germany was not due to any singular, or isolated, factor. Rather, it prospered as a result of Germany possessing the ideal combination of a strong national identity, a well-developed system of public persuasion and propaganda, and an existing government that was too weak and unstable to provide effective resistance against social and economic crisis. Therefore, although the accepted opinion is that German fascism was an evil and isolated abhorrence that was ended forever by the Allied victory in World War II, this paper proposes that its success was achieved through a set of political, social and economic conditions that could occur in any country, at any time.

From the Paper
"Yet, despite achieving power on the basis of overwhelming popularity among the German public, it became immediately apparent that German fascism intended to control all aspects of national life, ensuring that their patriotic propaganda was able to permeate every area of German society with little resistance (Brady, 1969). Hitler's powerful personal charisma, aided by his meticulously organized public appearances and the saturation of everyday life with Nazi symbols, posters and indoctrination, established him as the infallible, hero worshiped savior of the German people (Payne, 1995). Despite the fact that his repressive totalitarian regime had abolished many of their basic liberties, and that every area of their lives was pervaded and controlled by state police organizations (Berwick, 23), many of the German people responded with uncritical loyalty to their leader and a frightening willingness to obey all state issued directives. The Nazification of German society was greatly assisted by the efforts of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda under the control of Joseph Goebbels, which was highly effective at promoting the fascism regime as a well oiled Nazi machine (Eatwell, 111), by means of mass rallies, military parades, and sophisticated manipulation and censorship of the media. Such was the appeal of the fascist philosophy and propaganda that, in Germany in particular, the majority of people were willing to sacrifice their individual freedoms and ambitions for the greater good of their nation."

Tags:NSDAP, Treaty, of, Versailles, Jews, Weimar, Republic, Hitler, holocaust