Abstract
The paper discusses how Albert Einstein's scientific genius rendered him the most famous scientist of the 20th century but contends that his intense humanism probably resulted in his status as a cultural icon. The paper relates that it is sometimes not realized that Einstein lamented his breakthrough in relativity and the splitting of the atom that permitted the Allies to create the atomic bomb that ended World War II and heralded our nuclear age.

From the Paper
"Much rhetoric has been written on how scientific discoveries reshape a period and sometimes an entire culture. Gerald Holton notes that Einstein's scientific papers on relativity, statistical mechanics and quantum physics in the first two decades of the 20th century, "caused remarkable and sometimes quite unforeseen cultural transformations and resonances" (p. 125). Of course, Albert Einstein is credited with the theory of general relativity to revolutionize the sciences into the 21st century and the new orientation of relativity would strongly affect the social sciences, plus the world of arts and letters."

Tags:einstein, physics, philosophy

Abstract
The paper discusses how Carl Sagan revolutionized how the world looked at space and the search for intelligent life beyond our planet. The paper talks about Sagan's popular PBS television series "Cosmos" and his novel "Billions and Billions", specifically focusing on the chapters on abortion, religion and science.

From the Paper
"Born in 1934, Sagan grew up in a working-class Jewish neighborhood of New York and attended urban public schools in New York and New Jersey. The University of Chicago provided him scholarship support when he entered in 1951, and he continued there for graduate work, receiving his doctorate in astronomy in 1960. After two years as a postdoctoral in biology at Berkeley and Stanford, he joined the Harvard College astronomy faculty as Assistant Professor until 1968 and then moved to Cornell University to become Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary studies."

Tags:outer, space, galaxies, science, religion, cosmos

Abstract
This paper illustrates how the depiction of science and scientists in films and other popular media has long been characterized either by fear and anxiety at scientists' potential power or by wild acclaim for their accomplishments. It examines through a review of several films how there are variations on the basic stereotypes of the mad and the benignly inspired scientist and how filmmakers tend to express general societal concerns in their choice of type. It reviews films such as "Pi", "Contact" and "The Absent-Minded Professor". It also looks at portrayals of the most famous scientist Albert Einstein in "Insignificance", "I.Q." and "Young Einstein' which all address the problem of a public that idolizes what seems incomprehensible, but powerful, to them.

From the Paper
"Stereotypes of the scientist also included the malignant varieties and even types whose benign neglect (caused by their single-minded attention to science with no concern for the consequences) was their main characteristic. Mad scientists certainly preceded and followed the biopic tradition. But in all these cases scientists were viewed as powerful beings. In the past twenty years, however, this trend seems to have reversed itself in two ways. On the one hand, films "increasingly portray science and reason as tools that are unsuitable for understanding our world in a new age of credulity" (Evans 45). Laypersons, for example, are often depicted as achieving better results, moral as well as scientific, than scientists. In Spielberg's E. T., one of the most popular films ever made, the extraterrestrial being is menaced by the cold, faceless forces of science and can only be helped by the kindly efforts of a little boy and his friends. Even the conclusions of more scientifically aware films such as Contact and Pi hint at the comfort offered by the existence of forces that truly are above everything the scientists have failed to comprehend or prove."

Tags:albert, einstein, stereotype, power, mad

Abstract
This paper discusses how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the famous detective novels about Sherlock Holmes, was ahead of his time and created a forerunner for modern forensic scientists. The paper briefly examines the history of forensics and looks at how in most of Doyle's books such as "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", and "The Hound of Baskervilles", Sherlock Holmes and his creator were "forensic scientists," using bicycle tracks, patterns in dirt, blood stains, poisons, exotic animals and fingerprints to logically piece together crimes.

From the Paper
"In 1885, Sir Arthur married his first wife, Louisa Hawkins. Louisa suffered from tuberculosis and died in 1906. Then in 1907, he married his second wife, Jean Leckie. Sir Arthur had five children, two with his first wife, and three with his second. Then in 1902 Conan Doyle was knighted and appointed Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey. He became a great believer in spiritualism, later in his life, and even practiced forms of the occult. In 1925 he became the honorary president of the International Spiritualist Congress. He died on July 7, 1930, but his works and characters live on, especially the great Sherlock Holmes, a detective whose methods of deduction foreshadowed the future of forensic science."

Tags:Speckled, Band, Hound, Baskervilles, Creeping, Hand

Abstract
The paper discusses the observations and discoveries of physicist and astronomer, Galilei Galileo. The paper also compares his observations to those of other famous atronomers such as Johannes Keplar, Ptolemy and Copernicus.

From the Paper
"Interestingly, the sort of heresy that Galileo was convicted of was just the sort of observational assertion that Luther had already predicted the Catholic Church would have trouble with, based upon the fact that they held rationalistic interpretations of the Bible in greater esteem than empirical conclusions arrived at through careful examination. In other words, the Church, by hoarding all of the power to make reforms and philosophical claims about the world, had made itself vulnerable to catastrophic failure once competing worldviews were introduced. Essentially, so much had been built upon the rationalistic claims asserted by the Catholic Church for more than one thousand years, that empirical knowledge was likely to soon begin to contradict dogma. Of course, this did occur quite publicly when Galileo argued in favor of the Copernican, heliocentric model of the solar system. Yet, it would seem, the rationalistic way of perceiving the universe was far more flexible than Luther had initially suspected. Galileo, on the other hand, grasped the philosophical wiggle-room rationalism affords anyone who is willing to accept claims about the world based upon faith."

Tags:church, observation, Ptolemaic, model, Galileo

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of Albert Einstein. Specifically the paper discusses Einstein's life and his scientific achievements. The paper reports that Einstein discovered the 'Theory of Relativity' and is often known as the "father" of the atomic bomb. The paper further discusses how Einstein's life is a model to scientists and physicists today, and a valuable lesson in what one person can accomplish in his lifetime.

From the Paper
"Einstein also helped to develop Quantum Theory, which "deals with the laws that describe how matter is built out of these elementary particles and what the forces are between them as revealed in spectral lines, in radioactive phenomena, or in the process of fission. The story of modern physics is in great part that of quantum theory" (Infeld 85). The use of Quantum Theory and continued study into it by other scientists eventually led to the development of atomic fission, and later, the development of the atomic and bomb. Einstein always regretted the part he played in the development of the bomb, as he was a lifelong pacifist. In fact, he co-wrote a famous book, "Why War?" with Sigmund Freud in 1932 that became classic anti-war literature. Another writer states, "The 'Why War?' letters, organized by Einstein, were written at the behest of the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, a committee of the League of Nations" (Dunn 112). Einstein saw the potential of harnessing atomic principles to create nuclear power, but always felt regret over his role in the atomic arms race. He spent the remainder of his life studying many different projects. One however, eluded him. Another scientist writes, "Einstein, who had already united space, time and gravity in his theories, certainly believed this and spent the latter half of his life seeking--unsuccessfully--'a theory of everything' that would combine quantum physics and relativity" (Mckie). That work today is evolving into another theory of physics - string theory, which shows his influence is still felt around the world today."

Tags:Theory, of, Relativity, atomic, bomb, Jewish, nobel, radioactive

Abstract
This paper studies the great Italian scientist and inventor of the electric motor, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, who is considered among the pioneers of the modern science. It includes an historical overview of his life and his greatest inventions including: Electrophorus, isolating the compound methane and many gadgets. It discusses his many contributions to the scientific world as well as the recognition and rewards he received for them.

From the Paper
"Though the invention of Electrophorus was a huge success for Volta but his continuous research work brought several other successes to him. He became the first person to isolate the compound methane in the year 1778. His journey of success continued as he accepted a proposal to work as a professor at the University of Pavia in 1779. In the meantime he continued his research in the field and made several other inventions such as gadgets which were invented on the basis of the principles of static electricity. Because of his great inventions and high contribution in the field of electricity he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1791. His works were not restricted to static electricity but he also worked in the area of dynamic electricity. His works in the area of dynamic were primarily an idea derived from the results of the experiments conducted by Galvani, who was a friend of Volta."

Tags:Alessandro, Volta, Italian, scientist, Electrophorus, inventor, gadgets, dynamic, electricity

Abstract
This paper explains that the only way to overturn "Plessy vs. Ferguson," which was the precedent set in 1896 that allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites, was to prove legitimately by presenting valid evidence, which supported the NAACP challenge, that separate could not be equal. The author points out that Thurgood Marshall, then lawyer for the NAACP, turned to social scientist Kenneth B. Clark, who gathered convincing evidence that ultimately proved segregation in public schools was a direct violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The paper explains that experiments demonstrated that, as a colored child observed the society in which he or she lived, that child associated whiteness with superior advantage, achievement, progress, and power, all of which were perceived essential to being successful in the competitive American culture.

From the Paper
"In order to convince the Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall knew he would have to present some form of scientific evidence that could not leave room for a contradictory argument. So, Dr. Clark and his team devised a foolproof experiment to determine the influence of skin color as a factor in racial identification of Negro preschool children. Samples of children from three different age groups were tested: three, four, and five years of age. Also, the subjects were divided into three categories on the basis of skin color: light, medium, and dark. Placed in front of each child were two identical dolls: one doll was white and the other was colored."

Tags:clark, evidence, dolls, warren, wishful

Abstract
This paper explains the background of George Washington Carver, one of America's most famous black scientists. The paper discusses his agricultural innovations that helped change American and worldwide agriculture. The paper also relates that he helped change the way America looked at educating blacks.

From the Paper
"During his time on the farm, he taught himself to read, and he discovered he loved learning, too. Because of this, he left the farm and traveled over 100 miles to the nearest elementary school that admitted black students. Then he went all the way to Kansas to attend high school. After he graduated, he hoped to attend college, and applied at Highland University, a small Kansas school. The administration admitted him without an interview, but would not let him attend when they discovered he was black. Finally, he gained admittance to Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa, but it was not until he was 30, in 1890, where he was the first black student to graduate from the school."

Tags:agriculture, innovations, blacks, Tuskagee, Institute

Abstract
This paper answers two questions for the student that deal with what major he would like to pursue and an impressive part of his character. The paper highlights persistence and the desire to become a pharmacist and uses famous scientists to illustrate the point. The paper employs an overall enthusiastic outlook and conveys a real love for the chosen major and career path.

From the Paper
"Starting with the mechanisms of chemical reactions, I became completely enamored by chemistry. Learning more information and techniques solidified my newfound passion at the time. Later on, I learned about more real-life applications to this science, including biochemistry and pharmacology. As I have realized that this science is intertwined in our daily lives it has inspired me to pursue a major in biochemistry. Through learning biochemistry, I can leverage that knowledge to ultimately pursue pharmacology. My long-term goal is to become a pharmacist. Starting with general chemistry I became curious as to where this new..."

Tags:personal, admissions, biochemistry