Abstract
This paper discusses how children's suggestibility has been a focus of research since the turn of the twentieth century and how there have been many studies that examine the influence of a single misleading suggestion on children's recall of an event. It looks at how, as more and more children are called to court to provide uncorroborated testimony, especially in cases involving child sexual abuse, social psychology has turned its attention from studying the effects of a single misleading question on children's recall of neutral, nonscripted, and often uninteresting events, to examining the accuracy of children's testimony under a range of conditions that are characteristic of those that bring children to court. The paper also looks at the social science literature which shows that reinforcing children for behaviors regardless of the quality of the behaviors also increases the frequency of these types of behaviors.

From the Paper
"A number of studies have shown that asking children the same question repeatedly within an interview and across interviews, especially a yes/no question often results in the child changing her original answer (Howe, 2006). Preschoolers are particularly vulnerable to these effects. Children often do this because they seem to reason, "The first answer I gave must be wrong, that is why they are asking me the question again. Therefore I should change my answer" (Ceci, Loftus, Leichtman & Bruck, 1994). At other times, children may change their answer to please the adult who is questioning them; they reason that the "adult must not have liked the first answer I gave so I will give another answer." At other times, children's answers may change because the interviewer's previous suggestions become incorporated into their memories (Cederborg, 2004). "

Tags:recall, testimony

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of repressed memories of child sexual abuse. The paper first examines the link between trauma and repressed memories. The paper then comments on the false memory debate. The rest of the paper is dedicated to a discussion of the lifetime effects of childhood sexual abuse, such as experiencing dissociative disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Tags:child, sexual, abuse, memories, PTSD

Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal for looking at whether or not a therapist can implant false memories in a patient. The paper evaluates the issue and suggests a methodology for studying this issue.

From the Paper
"Davis and Dalgleish state that false memory syndrome is one of the most controversial issues in the mental health field, noting that essentially it involves recollection of memories usually of sexual abuse that were either falsely programmed or which are legitimately recovered. Bjorklund spells the notion of false memory syndrome out in more detail conceptualizing it as a condition in which an individual's identity and interpersonal relationships center around a..."

Tags:false memory syndrome, Loftus, therapy, methodology

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that for therapists, true memories can provide clues as to why patients are suffering from a variety of psychological problems. The writer notes that helping clients gain a clearer understanding requires greater and more detailed insight into the patient's past. Further, the writer points out that most clinical psychologists believe that children can learn to block memories as a survival mechanism and repression, which may cease to be helpful in adult life. Away from the traumatic environment, adults may find their memories resurfacing, either gradually in fragments, or suddenly in vivid flashbacks. The writer maintains that the issue of repressed memory remains controversial, even with the American Psychological Association itself. The writer then concludes that the real truth may be that not all cases are false and not all cases are true, but when dealing with the complex and suggestible process of memory and recall, it can be difficult to discern truth from fiction.

From the Paper
"The debate over so-called recovered memory syndrome leaves therapists in a bind. Even the name of the syndrome is controversial. Advocates who say the memories are real call the memories repressed, those who say the memories are false call the memories planted. In 1996, Susan Clancy, then a psychology fellow at Harvard, tried to find a way to see if some people were more prone to re-create memories than other people. She tested women who said they had repressed and then recovered memories of sexual abuse, and control groups who said they were either never sexually abused or had never forgotten their abuse. All were asked to study, memorize and then recite back a list of related words, like candy, sugar, cookie and brownie, that were related to the word sweet--but never the word sweet itself. Everybody had a tendency to falsely remember that the word sweet was one of the words that had been listed, but the women who claimed to have recovered memories of sexual abuse were significantly more likely than the control groups to be very, very confident that the critical word sweet was falsely on that list."

Tags:therapists, abuse, patients, memory, syndrome

Abstract
This paper explains that children in the pre-operational stage of development (ages 2-6) are limited in their ability to think and perceive because they are both egocentric and intuitive, seeing the world only in black and white, and because they believe that all things, both animate and inanimate, have the ability to think and fee. (animism). The author points out that the development of memory in children makes them susceptible to social influences and the recollection of false memories; therefore, children are particularly affected by suggestibility and interviewer bias. The paper suggests future investigation of childhood memory assessment as it relates to education and to children being interviewed in familiar surroundings. The paper includes several long quotations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Social Influences on Memory in Children
Future Research
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As it relates to interviewer bias, the article asserts the interviewer bias occurs when an interviewer has a priori of beliefs concerning and event and because of these beliefs fashion the interview to exploit disclosures from the interviewee that are consistent with the interviewer's aforementioned beliefs. The article contends that one characteristic of interviewer bias is the attempt to collect only confirmatory evidence and to evade all questions that may generate disconfirmatory evidence."

Tags:transductive, animism, egocentric, false, suggestibility

Abstract
The paper deals with small cell lung cancer and the problem with regard to radiation and memory loss. The paper states that this form of cancer is prone to brain metastases. The paper confirms that prophylactic cranial irradiation is a controversial method of radiation that has shown to have positive outcomes in small cell lung cancer patients. However, little is known about the effects of radiation on the brain and especially on long-term cognitive and memory loss. The paper, in referring to various studies, concludes that the research is compounded by the large number of variables that need to be taken into account in ascertaining the effects of the process of radiation.

Outline:
Introduction
Prolegomena: Overview and Background
The Brain, Memory and Radiation Treatment
Summation and Conclusion

From the Paper
" Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer that affects both men and women in the United States and the world. As figure 1 above illustrates, the number of deaths from lung cancer in the United States far exceeds other common forms of cancer. There are numerous statistics that indicate the increased risks of lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Figure 2 below illustrates a projection of morality rates in various countries over a ten your period of time. This again clearly indicates the importance of research into lung cancer and particularly the more severe form of small cell lung cancer."

Tags:cancer, therapy, tumor, radiation, memory

Abstract
This paper summarized the research literature that examines the effects of alcohol on automatic and controlled memory processes and than proposes a research design that will expand on the previous research. The proposed research utilizes an experimental approach. The research design will determine if there is a dose response relationship between alcohol and memory.

From the Paper
Running head: ALCOHOL EFFECTING MEMORY IN ADULTS Effects of Alcohol on Controlled and Automatic Memory Processes in Middle Aged and Older Adult Men and Women Using a Process-Dissociation Procedure Name University Introduction: Previous research investigating the effects of alcohol consumption on cognitive processes generally concludes that alcohol consumption adversely effects memory and cognitive abilities. As noted by Kirchner & Sayette

Tags:alcohol, controlled memory, automatic memory

Abstract
This paper discusses the hypothesis of a psychology research study examining the effects of aging on loss of associative memory. The paper agrees with the study that memory functions are vulnerable to the effects of aging.

Tags:hypothesis, research study, aging, memory

Abstract
Alcoholism is one of the largest public health problems in the United States, yet the percentage is extremely low compared to France, Israel or the Soviet Union. However, what would constitute specific effects from long-term drinking? Researchers have battled the integrity to localize the culprit through long-term studies as well as short-term comprehension. Specifically, long-term alcoholism may cause physical pains, mental depression, lower metabolism and possible mental impairments. In this research paper, specific factors are analyzed to show evidence that long-term effect of alcoholism contributes to memory loss through evidence of blackouts, withdrawals and retrievals.

From the Paper
"According to a research studied by Aaron White, "Alcohol primarily interferes with the ability to form new long-term memories, leaving intact previously established long-term memories and the ability to keep new information active in memory for brief periods" (White, 2003, p. 185). In other words, long-term alcohol drinking may impede the knack of memory impairments or the modal model such as sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory however it depends upon how active the specific memory proceeds within a storage capacity. Alcohol consumed in excessive amounts will decrease metabolism and/or activities due to disruptions within the brain, which contributes to memory impairments."

Tags:alcohol, brain, memory