Abstract
This paper explains that personal attack is a form of fallacy in which the person presenting an argument is attacked instead of the argument itself, or a person may be attacked because of the association he or she keeps. The author points out that the bandwagon argument refers to the "Appeal to People" because people appeals often sway the population as a whole, which is type of "Fallacy of Relevance" because emotional reaction does not necessarily have any bearing on the truth or falsity of a conclusion. The paper relates that advertisements, organizational literature, CEO and manager appeals, and technology use within an organization are full of fallacies.

Table of Contents
Personal Attack
Bandwagon Argument
Appeal to Pity
Significance to Critical Thinking, Decision Making, and Organizational Examples

From the Paper
"In an appeal to pity, the reader is told to agree to the proposition because of the pitiful state of the author. An example of appeal to pity is, "We hope you'll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it." This argument does not state the advantages of their recommendations as compared to other recommendations, rather states the fact of the number of hours worked on the recommendations. In other words, the arguer is trying to emphasize his/her pitiful state, which has nothing to do with the truth of the proposition."

Tags:attack, people, relevance, advertising, appeal

Abstract
This paper gives brief examples and explanations of twelve separate instances of fallacies in either advertisements or editorials in newspapers. The author organizes the paper according to the type of fallacy each example represents. The paper includes fallacies such as appeals to force, appeals to pity, appeals to vanity and bandwagon fallacies.

From the Paper
"Joanne Ditmer argues that we must protect and preserve our public open spaces. As evidence for this, she argues that if we do not, those lands could easily be transformed housing for convicted sex offenders, suggesting that if we do not preserve open space then we are all at danger from the proximity of those offenders. This is an obvious fallacy of appeal to force. Similarly in his article, David Ulin argues against the development of robots that could be used by the military to fight battles."

Tags:advertisements, logic, fallacies

Abstract
Is the study of logic relevant to advertising? Is advertising, which is purely emotional, ever required to be also logical? Logical fallacies are highly suggestive and persuasive. Every day consumers are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another.
These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. With the growth of communication tools like the Internet, the flow of persuasive messages has been dramatically accelerated.

From the Paper
"LOGICAL FALLACIES AS EXPRESSED IN ADVERTISING

Introduction
Is the study of logic relevant to advertising? Is advertising, which is purely emotional, ever required to be also logical? Logical fallacies are highly suggestive and persuasive. Every day consumers are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another.
These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. With the growth of communication tools like the Internet, the flow of persuasive messages has been dramatically accelerated.

In this paper, 10 different examples of logical fallacies ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses three different advertisements and explains the logical fallacies relied on in each, as a means of illustrating how the impact of advertising on consumers is negative from a number of different aspects.

From the Paper
"There is great debate over the ultimate impact on individuals of commercial advertising in the U.S. media. Some maintain that advertising is beneficial in that it helps consumers become aware of the differentiation that exists among different products, or helps shoppers compare price and value of potential purchases. However, most people argue that because of the fallacies most advertisements rely on to sell products, they are detrimental to individuals in the long-run. Heavy mass advertising can lead to numerous ill effects..."

Tags:machismo, sexual exploitation, consumer debt, self-esteem, eating disorders, nagging factor, manipulation, products, promotion

Abstract
This paper studies various forms of media to illustrate the use of three fallacies: 1) appeal to fear; 2) personal attack; and 3) slippery slope. The paper uses examples from a print advertisement, a website and an interview. The examples of the fallacies are illustrated along with an argument of why they might be being used by the speaker.

Tags:Lance Armstrong, Tour de France, Donald Rumsfeld, Hugo Chavez, Pat Robertson, Venezuela, President Bush, war, assassination, doping, religious right

Abstract
This paper examines the use of fallacious argument in advertising today. It describes that consumers must be critical and aware of the facts presented by the advertiser and that advertising as a whole, is one with many gray areas and should be treated as such. The author writes, because the power of advertising the power of words, images, context, and connections has become so fully developed, it remains imperative that the public view advertising critically to determine its veracity before accepting the ad's messages.

From the Paper
"Advertisements are prolific in today's consumer-based world. Indeed, so important is the construction of effective advertising that many corporations and agencies utilize plethoric methods and strategies to make their ads successful. This does cause a problem: many of these are tainted with fallacy and exude false innuendo, thus "misleading or confusing the public" (U-Haul Intern v. Jartran, 1994). Because the power of advertising the power of words, images, context, and connections has become so fully developed, it remains imperative that the public view advertising critically to determine its veracity before accepting the ad's messages. "

Tags:advertisement, advertising, consumer, corporation, agency, plethoric, method, fallacy, false, mislead, ad, honda

Abstract
The three advertisements to be discussed in this essay - "Make every day delicious - Fancy Feast"; "Taste That Goes Right To Your Bones - Tropicana"; "Now you can get even closer to Nature - Nature's Gate Organics" - provide excellent examples of how print media advertisements make use of fallacious reasoning in promoting products to consumers. Central to this analysis will be Gilbert's theory of Multi-Modal Argumentation which allows us to appreciate how arguments can function on not only the level of logic, but also that of emotion, physicality, and intuition (Gilbert, p.3). In the process of analysis, each advertisement will be broken down into its component arguments that will be subject to the analysis outlined above.

Tags:analysis, three, advertisements

Abstract
The writer examines ethical issues involved in prescription drug advertising. The writer discusses that according to the FDA, the purpose of such advertising is to educate the public and thus empower them to play a role in their healthcare decisions. The writer looks at opinions of critics of the process, who claim that the advertising is misleading. The writer shows that the advertising encourages some patients to ask for drugs which are unnecessary or more expensive than substitutes.

From the Paper
"In the Federal Drug Administration issued guidance on marketing prescription drugs directly to consumers instead of only targeting medical professionals. The response from the pharmaceutical industry was enormous .... "

Tags:medical, ethics, drugs, pharmacy, advertising, public, patient, empowerment

Abstract
This essay looks at advertising and the way race and gender are represented in today's ads. The essay argues that gender and racial inequality and stereotyping are very much present in advertising today and that this furthermore serves the advertising needs. The essay also looks at how advertising directly influences what we see in the media and how advertisers only goal is profit making which is best served by the consumerist culture we live in today.

From the Paper
"Advertising is very important in today's society and have been for over 30 years, if only simply because it cannot be avoided. Ads are a major part of mass media and the mass media has a great advantage of being able to reach a large number of people in a very short time. In large industrial societies media takes on a mass scale so that television, radio, newspapers, magazines and now the Internet link tens of millions of people, and influence the way they think and spend their time and money."

Tags:massmedia, advertising, gender, racialinequality

Abstract
This paper presents an analytical assessment of a cigarette advertisement that appeared in a magazine. The paper claims that the advertisement seems to make a strange variety of false and even absurd claims for the cigarettes, based purely on the non-related advertising imagery. The paper contends that the images and the messages portrayed by the juxtaposition between these images and stories and the product being sold make silent arguments of their own, which are particularly fallacious and at the same time oddly amusing.

From the Paper
"This connection between the power which enabled Hatshepsut to take the throne and the power of addiction which links women to their cigarettes could also be construed as something of a false analogy. This ad appeals to penis envy, in a a very Freudian sense, falsely suggesting that the phallus of a cigarette can replace the phallus of a penis which women may wish they have. To understand how obvious this phallus imagery is, one needs only follow the obvious links -- the mention of women needing to know their place and that this place is to become (a male gendered) king by taking on a new length to be enjoyed."

Tags:egyptian, hatshepsut, masculine