Abstract
This paper gives brief examples and explanations of twelve separate instances of fallacies in either advertisements or editorials in newspapers. The author organizes the paper according to the type of fallacy each example represents. The paper includes fallacies such as appeals to force, appeals to pity, appeals to vanity and bandwagon fallacies.

From the Paper
"Joanne Ditmer argues that we must protect and preserve our public open spaces. As evidence for this, she argues that if we do not, those lands could easily be transformed housing for convicted sex offenders, suggesting that if we do not preserve open space then we are all at danger from the proximity of those offenders. This is an obvious fallacy of appeal to force. Similarly in his article, David Ulin argues against the development of robots that could be used by the military to fight battles."

Tags:advertisements, logic, fallacies

Abstract
This paper is an overview of sixteen common fallacies used in debate. The paper provides two examples of each in the hopes that students can better discern these fallacies when they emerge in debate and/or in academic literature. As a useful point, these examples can also be used to highlight the partisanship of leading politicians eager to spread their own agenda.

From the Paper
"Ad Hominem: personal attacks of any kind are ad hominem attacks. Two examples would be Al Franken's loud denunciations of Bill O'Reilly and others while another would be someone dismissing George W. Bush's policies because he is (allegedly) "stupid". Ad Populum: Two examples of ad populum fallacies would be recent gall-up polls showing weak support for the war in Iraq and/or an argument that insists that "most people" do not want gay marriage or an end to abortion."

Tags:common, fallacies, debate

Abstract
This paper examines President Bush's use of logical fallacies in his presidential debates with Democratic candidate John Kerry. It defines and describes the three logical fallacies used by Bush namely, the Appeal to Pity, the Bandwagon Argument and the Red Herring. The author provides examples from these debates.

From the Paper
"Logical Fallacies are most basically defined as flaws in reasoning typically used in an argumentative chain of statements. Analyzing the set of assumptions that underlie a chain of argumentative statements is the bedrock of critical thinking. Fallacies are of ..."

Tags:logical fallacies, george bush, debates

Abstract
This paper examines three forms of logical fallacies including the personal attack, also known as ad hominem, the look whose talking or tu quoque argument, and the bandwagon argument.

From the Paper
"A fallacy of relevance occurs when the arguer offers reasons that are logically irrelevant to his or her conclusion. Ad Hominem arguments are arguments that are offered as a rejection or refutation on another person's argument The arguer committing an Ad Hominem fallacy does not offer reasons to reject the other person's conclusion. Instead, the arguer attacks the person. An example of an Ad Hominem argument is found in the following exchange; Amy: "Abortion is morally wrong and indefensible except to save the..."

Tags:Critical thinking, decision making, logical fallacies, bandwagon argument, ad hominem, personal attack, circular logic

Abstract
This paper details three common fallacies to critical thinking, particularly within an organization. It provides examples of each fallacy (analogy or false analogy, post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and the straw man argument) and it addresses the significance of each fallacy in relation to critical thinking. The paper then examines the general application of fallacies in relation to decision-making.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Fallacies
Arguments and Fallacies
Common Fallacies
Critical Thinking and Decision- making
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The straw man argument is another logical fallacy. The straw man approach attempts to misrepresent an opponent's position on a subject to make it easier to attack the opponent. Using the straw man tactic, one would distort the view of the opponent to ridiculous extremes or attack the weak premises associated with the argument. An example of this form of logical fallacy is represented in an article published in The Vancouver Sun. The article specifically reveals how the straw man approach is used to discredit expert claims to the cause and effects of global warming and extreme weather events. In this article, the Vancouver Sun writer Morag Carter opposes the position of the editor of the Journal of Natural Hazards, Tad Murty. The Sun writer explains, Murty has been quoted in the press: "This [global warming] is the biggest scientific hoax being perpetrated on humanity". Murty goes on to explain, " There is no global warming due to human anthropogenic activities" (Carter, 2006). Carter uses this article to stress how Murty has used the straw man approach to attack the credibility of the claim that global warming is contributing to extreme weather events."

Tags:analogy, ergo, propter, evidence, straw, man

Abstract
This paper defines logical fallacies and compares them to logical arguing. The paper first discusses three logical fallacies: division, appeal to pity and hasty generalization. It then offers organizational examples for the three types mentioned above and explains their significance to critical thinking. The paper also discusses the logical fallacies' general application towards decision making.

Table of Contents:
Three Types of Logical Fallacies
Division
Appeal to Pity
Hasty Generalization
How this Relates to Critical Thinking and Decision Making

From the Paper
"In conclusion, should we stay oblivious or forgetful to our own logical fallacies? We need to understand that critical thinking is crucial towards the quality of life. If our thinking is unclear, biased, partial, and prejudiced, this will be costly for us both in terms of money and even in quality of life. At first glance, it is not obvious. However, we demonstrated above how division, appeal to pity, and hasty generalization can affect our thinking, and as a consequence, our quality of life; and we can see, logical fallacies not only negatively affect our thinking, but our lives in general."

Tags:arguing, bias, honesty, perception

Abstract
This paper describes how logical fallacies can affect us in academic and scientific research and even in the decisions we make in everyday life. The paper points out that a very valuable skill in making decisions is the ability to identify logical fallacies and to apply tools that help you identify them. Moreover, the paper describes some types of logical fallacies and some of the tools for identifying them, as well.

From the Paper
"There is little question that logical or analytical fallacies can (and have) plagued data analysts in all major fields of knowledge from the beginning of recorded time. Not only can these fallacies of reason cause immense harm due to their capacity to mislead, but they can also ruin an otherwise sound argument or conclusion. For this reason, it is important to utilize varied "tools" designed to prevent or detect fallacies."

Tags:statistics, analyze, raw, data, interpretation, representation, devils, advocate, lateral, thinking

Abstract
This paper examines how critical thinking is evident by the very fact that it plays a pivotal role in any process of enquiry that is undertaken to arrive at the truth, a sound argument, or an objective opinion. It discusses three fallacies that belong to the broader category of informal fallacies, which rely on ambiguity and emotional appeal instead of logic and reason and shows how important it is that critical thinkers develop the necessary skills to ensure that reasoning is based on verifiable facts and relevant premises and not on fallacies of logic.

From the Paper
"The red herring fallacy, which is also known as ignorance of refutation, shares a great deal of similarity with the two fallacies discussed earlier. This is because all three fallacies attempt to digress from the main argument. However, the red herring fallacy refers to an argument that is based on premises, which are logically irrelevant to its conclusion (Curtis, 2001-2004). For example, if a business that is accused of creating unacceptable levels of pollution argues that it is generating employment for thousands of people and that it pays millions of dollars in taxes, it is using premises that are irrelevant to the conclusion. As such, decisions in such cases must take place only after all such irrelevant reasons are weeded out."

Tags:opinion, argument, truth

Abstract
Logical fallacies are methods of argumentation or persuasion that, in simplest terms, look or sound good, but do not stand up to critical analysis. This paper explains that, although there are more, three very commonly used examples of logical fallacies are 'straw man', 'equivocation' and 'ad hominem'. It shows how these fallacies are frequently used to get people to agree to desired proposals or plans. They are often used when those doing the proposing either are not sure their facts are strong enough to get cooperation or those doing the proposing are sure that people will not agree because the proposals are not honest/necessary or useful to begin with.

From the Paper
"The straw man fallacy includes such approaches as stereotyping, caricaturing, name-calling, slanted language or deck-stacking. Basically the idea is to portray your opponent as weak so that your own arguments look stronger. Reporting the opposing views in overly simplified terms or in concepts that are absurd are relied on to make the opinion or position offered by those employing the technique, seem stronger and more sensible."

Tags:argumentation, persuasion, opposition

Abstract
Although the reporting of facts and figures is often thought of as an objective science, quite frequently even business reporting is characterized by logical fallacies, including but not limited to, appeals to ignorance, hasty generalizations, and ad hominem attacks. This paper argues that these logical fallacies are particularly common and pernicious in business reporting because of the frequently technically complex nature of the subject matter in regards to facts and figures, combined with the emotional texture of business reporting that involves the fabric and texture of individual lives. The paper shows that reporters wish to attract attention and render complexities comprehensible, but frequently fall into logically fallacious traps to accomplish these objectives. The paper provides examples from business reports to elaborate on the ideas.

From the Paper
"This is particularly important to remember when reading the business section about distasteful individuals, because it is tempting to assume, when hearing about past dirty dealings, to either discount all of the information brought up by the person, because of the past character of the potential economic criminal, or to assume that he or she knew everything about the dark corporate dealings at the company. Even the lack of evidence is made to sound dark in the above-cited article's rhetoric: "Considering that he was the driving force behind Enron's growth, the micromanaging former CEO did an amazing job of distancing himself from its decline. He stopped selling stock four months before Enron collapsed "and left the company entirely two months beforehand. He rarely used e-mail. His signature is conspicuously, and uncharacteristically, absent from the approval sheets for some of Fastow's most controversial deals." ("Who Will Fastow implicate"? January 19, 2004, Business Week Online retrieved on January 19, 2004 at http://www.aol.businessweek.com/bwdaily/index.html#top) The ad hominem attack is generally used as a kind of intellectual shorthand, equating man with message, rather than trying to understand the business at hand."

Tags:Martha, Stewart, economist, CEO