Abstract
This paper examines how fair trade chocolate is supposed to give growers and workers of the cocoa bean a better wage than that paid by the international cartels of chocolate buyers. It also explains how fair trade chocolate could help alleviate the the problem of the millions of hungry and starving poor that exist in the world in spite of the abundance of food. Additionally, the paper presents a history of fair trade chocolate and how it contributes to the concept of sustainability.

From the Paper
"It is likely that more people are familiar with the term Fair Trade Coffee, simply because major coffee house chains have begun promoting their organic fair-trade brews. When most people think of chocolate, it is more likely to be a foil-wrapped mass-market candy bar, perhaps a Kit Kat, that is wolfed down to quiet hunger pangs without a thought to the plight of the people who produced the chocolate. As there are no trendy, global chain 'chocolate houses,' there is no monolithic commercial avenue through which to either purvey fair trade chocolate, or make its advantages known."

Tags:consume, lack, access, world, population, global, agribusiness, international, trade, economies, poverty

Abstract
This paper examines fair trade as an attractive segment for Nescafe in particular and for Nestle as a whole. The paper notes that on a pragmatic level Nescafe Partners' Blend is a fair trade product without the Fair trade label. The paper then considers the conditions necessary for it for it to enter the market. On the surface, it hardly seems possible that such a battle could hurt Nestle.

From the Paper
"Fairtrade is an attractive segment for Nescafe in particular and for Nestle as a whole. Purely on a pragmatic level, this is because the Nescafe Partners' Blend is a fair trade product without the Fairtrade label; for it to enter the market would therefore be to court a "competitive battle" (Mitchell 1). On the surface, it hardly seems possible that such a battle could hurt Nestle. After all, the so-called ethical instant coffee market is only $20 million (Mitchell 3), a very small fraction of Nestle's global revenues. However, the true risk goes far beyond issues of market share, or..."

Tags:nestle, fair, trade

Abstract
This paper explores the overall importance of the coffee industry to the global economy and describes how fair trade in the industry not only benefits the major players, but the international economy as a whole. It explores the history of coffee prices and how the fair trade movement which guaranteed a negotiated pre-harvest price changed the living standards for disadvantaged coffee growers and workers. The paper concludes that there is a huge disconnect between prices for coffee in the consumption market and the price paid to the coffee industry workers which results in poverty and poor economic conditions for coffee growers. Three case study analyses are included.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Structure and History of the Coffee Industry
The Fair Trade Movement: Implications for Coffee Workers and the Global Economy
Case Study #1: Starbucks Impact on a Nations Economy: The Duality of Competition
Case Study #2: Cafedirect and KNCU - Partnership in Fair Trade
Case Study #3: Does Fair Trade Affect Quality? - Examining Coffee in Mexico
How has Fair Trade Helped Coffee Industry Workers: Tenets and Principles of Fair Trade
Fair Trade Certification Organizations: Fair Trade Labeling Organizations and International Fair Trade Standards
Conclusion: Fair Trade is Ethical Trade

From the Paper
"Globalization is a process of enhancing collective measures to integrate economies, not only via goods and services but via governance, investment, trade, and aid (DeAngelis 2004). As globalization has progressed, it is clear that the most advanced countries have gained the most from the integration of economies; as such there is a widening gap between developed/advanced countries and developing/underdeveloped countries. Does globalization favor high-income countries to low-income countries? The coffee industry highlights a common problem with many agricultural products that are marketed within developed regions - impoverished societies characterized poor development trends with a final product that is booming in the industry. Fair trade is the only mechanism that can correct this trend. It should be clear that fair trade is not the savior of the developing region; there are many structural problems that not even free trade can bypass. However, free trade has very visible benefits that have led to changes in sectors of the society (Simmons 2003). The coffee industry has faced many historical processes that have changed the living standards of many producers in the developing region; the free trade movement has helped to create some level of equity as it aids marginalized farmers in the coffee industry."

Tags:globalization, price, consumption, plantations

Abstract
This paper discusses the fair trade movement - a new economic, social movement that is seeking to change the purchasing habits of individuals in developed countries through marketing and educational programs designed to heighten awareness of the plight of Third World farmers. The paper describes the goals of the fair trade movement and the primary ways that the fair trade movement has sought to achieve its goals. Specifically discussed are the movement's aim of capturing the consciousness of the politically-minded consumer by psychologically connecting the fair trade label with the provision of economic assistance to farmers in developing countries.

Table of Contents:
A Brief Overview of the Fair Trade Movement
The Role of the Consumer in Promoting Fair Trade
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The fair trade movement has worked for the last several decades to close the economic divide between the First World and the Third World through the empowerment of small farmers in developing countries to determine their own terms of production and sale of their produce. It also works to promote environmentally and socially responsible farming methods and investments in those countries. Meanwhile, in the developed world, fair trade organizations work to capture the attention of consumers by gaining access to and influence in political institutions and by providing educational information, as well as through the more traditional business practice of marketing. These methods are used to create in the consumer a sense that their actions are morally right and appreciated by those individuals on the other side of the world, despite the fact that they can receive no feedback from those individuals. Politically conscious consumers in the developed world purchase fair trade goods as a minor form of protest against the traditional economic structures involved in international trade. The fair trade movement is part of a larger global effort toward creating conditions of social justice and political and economic equality for all the world's citizens."

Tags:production marketing investment developing, third world

Abstract
The paper describes how those that promote free trade claim that overall production and profit is the highest good, and define efficiency and success as the ability to produce great quantities and great profit with a business. Those in support of fair trade, however, point out that productivity itself is not a good, but is only useful inasmuch as it improves the lives of the mass of people. The paper examines whether
countries should be allowed to protect their industries with tariffs or control them with regulations, despite the concerns or desires of other countries.

From the Paper
"Of these two arguments, Morris' is by far the most convincing, in part because he is far more holistic in his analysis of the situation. Irwin focuses primarily on the over-all financial gains for nations, but does not specify who those gains go to. Though he seems to believe that an overall per capita increase in national product will raise national standards of living, he seldom produces evidence to this effect and does not take into consideration that what may be true for one nation, such as Japan, would not be true for another nation which was emerging from a long history of serious economic depression (such as former colonies). Moreover, he seems to confuse personal well being with the well being of the international money market."

Tags:regional, legislation, competition, Irwin, Morris, Brazil, average, income

Abstract
The paper analyzes the free trade theory and reveals that the free trade is anything but fair trade. The paper also looks at the classical and neoclassical modals of the free trade theory and its problems within. The paper reveals that when free trade is applied to the contemporary world economy, developed countries are favored over developing countries.

From the Paper
"In effect, comparative advantage implied that countries possessing advantage in producing agricultural or other simple products should relocate resources within the economy to focus on producing a specialized set of goods and vice versa. Following this dictate, many developing economies that were mostly agrarian channeled their resources to produce food commodities. On the other hand, their developed peers focused efforts on producing value goods, as they were more skilled at it. This theory had predicted that "trade between dissimilar countries implies a positive welfare effect on both countries since they can exploit their absolute and comparative advantages. Only costs of transporting goods between countries can keep them from exploiting those advantages". However, in practice developing nations focused themselves on producing goods that had lower international market value. Whereas, developed nations focused on further developing their technologies and produced goods with greater international market value. Therefore, developing nations stayed at a comparative disadvantage as compared to their developed counterparts."

Tags:free, trade, fair, trade, classical, neoclassical, problems

Abstract
With the fervor over the ethics of sweat shop production increasing, it is becoming important to look at viable solutions which provide meaningful change. The best example of alternative trade is the fair trade movement, which has been gaining momentum all over the world. This paper looks at this movement as it seeks to provide producers and consumers with choices.

From the Paper
"In recent years the media has been focusing more and more attention on the harm being done to people living in poor countries by multinational corporations. Whether it's a sportswear sweatshop in Southeast Asia or a logging company in the Amazon, consumers in the First World are becoming aware of the consequences their choices have. Unfortunately, very few news items talk about the positive alternatives to big business, paying more attention to the scandal which occurs when it is discovered that some celebrity's fashion line is manufactured using children in Burma. One important alternative which has become slightly more visible in recent years is the fair trade movement, which empowers producers and addresses issues of consumer responsibility."

Tags:consumers, empowerment, labourers, production, women

Abstract
This paper discusses trade liberalisation and its alternatives in relation to global development, particularly in the third world. It deals with both the theoretical nature of the free market, as well as its failings in the real world.

Outline
Development and Dependency
Modern Anti-Liberalism
Alternatives to Trade Liberalisation
Conclusions

From the Paper
"To fully understand the concept of trade liberalisation, it is first necessary to understand its alternatives - protectionism and interventionism. Protectionism is defined as 'the actions of a government to help its country's trade or industry by taxing goods bought from other countries' (Cambridge Dictionary, 2004). The theories behind this concept are ancient and allow for domestic industries to thrive where foreign products act as a threat. It also allows for taxes to be raised and the importation of undesirable goods to be restricted. Interventionism, as well as including the use of protection tariffs, is the more complex system of intervening in industry - for example, setting quotas, and import and export restrictions."

Tags:bank, bretton, economics, fair, free, imf, liberalisation, liberalization, third, trade, woods, world

Abstract
This paper demonstrates that in order to improve free trade agreements and ensure that they include adequate protection for worker's rights, food security and environmental regulation, the FTAA must be based on a new model, rather than on the failed model of NAFTA. It shows that unless this is done, the only people to benefit from these agreements will be the rich and powerful; and that the workers and traders of the poorer countries will continue to be exploited.

From the Paper
"Free trade policies such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are widening the gap between the rich and poor in a number of ways. This is particularly true in Mexico; a country that has always been concerned with the protection issues associated with major trading countries in the world, tight controls, high tariffs and other restrictive policies. These restrictions have been revoked however in response to the demands to promote export-oriented production, eliminate obstacles to imports, and loosen corporate controls over national domains and enterprises. The result has been a blatantly inequitable distribution of wealth and power both within Mexico and between Mexico and other countries. The track record of NAFTA has raised concerns that this inequity will only be augmented by any such agreement."

Tags:economics, global, globalization, international, exploitation, labor, worker, environmental

From the Paper
"Business partners are not a new phenomenon. However, take into consideration the names of these partaners when it comes to world trade: The United States, West Germany, France, Canada, Japan, and Great Britain. Taken together these world trade partners are responsible for the flow of imports and exports into and out of their countries. This research will focus on some of the ways in which these partners deal with each other, in terms of recent problems, deals, negotiations, and goals. As well, there is a threatening economic gloom over most of the world trade market. The United States is hampered by a huge trade deficit, or excess of imports. Canada, Japan, and West Germany are severely plagued by a lack of employment, even though for Japan there exists a huge trade surplus. This research will also discuss some of the problems causing difficulty for unilateral (...)"

Tags:Trade