Abstract
This paper reviews the risks and dangers involved in extreme sports. The paper discusses how the authorities that build extreme sports facilities should take these factors into into careful consideration. According to the paper, a lot of accidents and unfortunate incidents could be avoided if the facilities are properly built and cared for.

Outline:
Introduction - Popularity and Risk
Budgeting
Planning
Input from Athletes
Construction
Land
Maintenance
Liability
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Because of these kinds of risks, some towns and cities do not want to have anything to do with facilities for extreme sports, but when local authorities refuse to plan or create these kinds of facilities the people that engage in these extreme sports often try to find other places to practice their skills. This can be extremely dangerous, because practice is most often done in the streets or around buildings. When skateboards, rollerbladers, and others practice in the streets of their neighborhood, they run the risk of being hit by a car, and they also risk the lives of others that may swerve to avoid an accident and then hit something or someone else.
When these athletes practice around buildings or in public parks, there is less danger of being struck by a vehicle, but they can injure themselves very easily on railings, steps, and other areas, and they can also run into, knock over, or otherwise damage other people that may be in that area at the time. Many cities now have ordinances against biking, skateboarding, or rollerblading on sidewalks and other areas, such as walking paths in public parks. This is good for others, but unfortunate for those that want and need a place to practice. Because of these kinds of ordinances, it has become clear that these athletes are rapidly running out of areas to practice and perfect what they do, but yet many local authorities in cities and towns all across the United States still have done nothing to give these people facilities where they can do what they do and be as safe as possible, and where they do not present a danger to others that might be passing by. "

Tags:planning, construction, maintaining, development, liability, injury, athletes

Abstract
In this article, the writer considers the arguments in favor and against public funding of sports facilities. The writer concludes that the appropriate decision depends on the unique economic and civic goals of each community.

From the Paper
"Sports facilities-whether a baseball stadium or the local swimming pool-were once relatively straightforward projects that were built by team owners in the case of the stadium or by the local municipality in the case of the swimming pool. As facilities have increased in sophistication however the cost of building and operating these facilities has also increased significantly. In addition sports facilities are recognized as contributing to the quality of life for residents in a particular geographic region whether by offering leisure activities for direct ..."

Tags:sports facilities, public finance, economic, civic

Abstract
This paper gives an etymological definition of extreme sports, expressing its French and Latin roots. Through example, the author puts extreme sports into context with regard to society and acceptance.

From the Paper
"Extreme sports are outside of the realm of mainstream experience and as a result, they lead to the creation of subcultures. Subculture is therefore one of the hallmarks of extreme sports, exemplifying the essence of the root meaning for "extreme." That which is extreme is outside of the ordinary. Therefore, an extreme sport, even if dangerous, cannot be part of mainstream culture. For example, most people in the United States do not play football, but football is certainly not considered to be an extreme sport. Football is for sure a dangerous sport, but it is also a mainstream sport, broadcasted live on national television networks, a sport that has become commonplace even to those who do not play. Skateboarding, on the other hand, is technically less dangerous than football but still carries with it a stigma of fringe culture and subculture. People who skateboard are labeled "extreme" because they are outside of ordinary mainstream culture. Therefore, extreme sports necessarily create subcultures around them that define them as being external to mainstream reality."

Tags:mainstream, realm, outside, activity

Abstract
This paper assesses the need of select members of society to endanger them in a controlled setting in order to address why individuals participate in activities that they know to be dangerous.

Abstract
Discusses move toward public funding for construction and or improvement of sports facilities for professional sports teams and franchises. Issue of who will pay for stadiums. Expanded business sales in stadium areas. Role of state governments. Pros and cons of taxpayer financing. Need for accountability and oversight to protect taxpayers.

From the Paper
"Sports Stadia: Taxpayer Funding Concerns
I. Identification of the Problem
Prior to 1953, only one major league baseball club played in a stadium funded by any government body and 75 percent of funding for all ballparks came from private sources. Excluding government-funded stadia built to attract the Olympics, American professional sports teams played in facilities that were funded with private investment capital (Public financing of?, 2001). Since then, bankers have come to estimate that about 20 percent of all professional American sports teams are somewhere in the process of building new stadiums, with franchises in all major sports leagues turning to government at the local and state level for a substantial portion of the costs associated with constructing these facilities (Garrity, 2000)."

Abstract
This research paper provides an overview and background of the issues, followed by a discussion of specific stadiums throughout the nation. An assessment of the legal issues involved in financing a major sports arena is followed by a summary of the research and an analysis of the future of sports arena financing in the conclusion.

Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Review and Discussion
III.Review and Discussion of Recent Examples
V. Summary and Conclusions

From the Paper
"We may not have the Circus Maximus, but Americans come close. Not only do sports enjoy a special status in the hearts of Americans, it turns out that sports franchises do too. New sports facilities costing at least $200 million each have been completed or are under way in Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Nashville, San Francisco, St. Louis, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington, D.C., and are in the planning stages in Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, and Pittsburgh. Major stadium renovations have been undertaken in Jacksonville and Oakland. Industry experts estimate that more than $7 billion will be spent on new facilities for professional sports teams before 2006. Most of this $7 billion will come from public sources. The subsidy starts with the federal government, which allows state and local governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. While major sports franchises across the country are reaping the benefits of taxpayer-financed arenas in which to compete, the debate continues about the appropriateness of providing such enormous amounts of resources for the reasons provided by the promoters."

Tags:affairs, ballpark, baseball, basketball, bonds, civic, football, professional, sports, taxes

Abstract
The paper discusses the social and economic impact of professional sports teams on cities.

From the Paper
"While the conventional wisdom suggests that placing a major sports facility and/or professional team in a city is likely to generate substantial economic benefits, Gius and Johnson commented that in reality, limited research identifying this effect has been conducted. In fact, many studies have actually suggested that major league sports franchises have relatively little long-term economic impact upon their host cities. At issue in this brief report is an analysis of the question of whether or not..."

Tags:professional sports teams, economic impact

Abstract
The paper discusses the demand for sports marketing and how the educational system has introduced courses on sports management. The paper examines the products the companies are offering and looks at the competition within the sports marketing industry. The paper shows how sports marketing helps with the construction of sports facilities, the offering of sports scholarships for the talented children or the sponsorship of various social events.

Outline:
Introduction
Demand and Offer
Importance
Producers and distributors
Sponsorship
Competition
Sport product
Constructions
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The promotion of sports has probably never been more important than now, when we feel an intense need for a healthier live style. For-profit organizations have often used sports personalities and events to market their items, some of the most relevant examples in this sense being Nike or PepsiCo. Several campaigns were also indented to reintroduce the population to the pleasures and benefits of sports, sending as such a social message, rather than a simple promotion of their items. These features, alongside with a variety of changes affecting the social, economic, political and technological environments, have lead to the creation of sports marketing."

Tags:producers, distributors, sponsorship, competition, constructions

Abstract
The following presents the topic of facilities planning for health, fitness, physical activity, recreation, and sports. The need for these facilities and access to facilities is followed by a discussion of factors that must be considered when planning for them, planning steps, and a summary and conclusions.

From the Paper
"The following presents the topic of facilities planning for health, fitness, physical activity, recreation and sports. The need for these facilities and access to facilities is followed by a discussion of factors that must be considered when planning for them, planning steps and a summary and conclusions. Need For and Access to Facilities: The need for facilities that promote physical activity fitness health recreation and sports is supported by research findings that physical inactivity and unhealthy eating contribute..."

Tags:Health, Fitness, Physical Activity, Recreation, and Sports

Abstract
This paper examines the many controversies regarding the use of sports in the high-school setting. First, the paper considers the viewpoint of they opponents who cite that sports takes time away from academics is detrimental to student performance. Additionally, it addresses the cases of drug use cited, and sports are blamed, due to the pressure to perform on the student. On the other hand, those in favor of sports in the high-school setting cite many benefits of the sports programs. Benefits such as improved relationships, safety and cohesion among the peer groups of the school. Obesity and health related conditions are also curtailed through exercise and sports in school.

From the Paper
" In the past several years there have been many controversies regarding the use of sports in the high-school setting. Many opponents of sports cite that the time it takes away from academics is detrimental to student performance. There are also cases of drug use cited, and sports are blamed, due to the pressure to perform on the student. On the other hand, those in favor of sports in the high-school setting cite many benefits of the sports programs such as improved relationships, safety and cohesion among the peer groups of the school. Obesity and health related conditions..."

Tags:sports, competition, controversy