Abstract This paper reviews the risks and dangers involved in extremesports. The paper discusses how the authorities that build extremesportsfacilities should take these factors into into careful consideration. According to the paper, a lot of accidents and unfortunate incidents could be avoided if the facilities are properly built and cared for.
Outline:
Introduction - Popularity and Risk
Budgeting
Planning
Input from Athletes
Construction
Land
Maintenance
Liability
Conclusion
From the Paper "Because of these kinds of risks, some towns and cities do not want to have anything to do with facilities for extreme sports, but when local authorities refuse to plan or create these kinds of facilities the people that engage in these extreme sports often try to find other places to practice their skills. This can be extremely dangerous, because practice is most often done in the streets or around buildings. When skateboards, rollerbladers, and others practice in the streets of their neighborhood, they run the risk of being hit by a car, and they also risk the lives of others that may swerve to avoid an accident and then hit something or someone else.
When these athletes practice around buildings or in public parks, there is less danger of being struck by a vehicle, but they can injure themselves very easily on railings, steps, and other areas, and they can also run into, knock over, or otherwise damage other people that may be in that area at the time. Many cities now have ordinances against biking, skateboarding, or rollerblading on sidewalks and other areas, such as walking paths in public parks. This is good for others, but unfortunate for those that want and need a place to practice. Because of these kinds of ordinances, it has become clear that these athletes are rapidly running out of areas to practice and perfect what they do, but yet many local authorities in cities and towns all across the United States still have done nothing to give these people facilities where they can do what they do and be as safe as possible, and where they do not present a danger to others that might be passing by. "
Abstract This paper gives an etymological definition of extremesports, expressing its French and Latin roots. Through example, the author puts extremesports into context with regard to society and acceptance.
From the Paper "Extreme sports are outside of the realm of mainstream experience and as a result, they lead to the creation of subcultures. Subculture is therefore one of the hallmarks of extreme sports, exemplifying the essence of the root meaning for "extreme." That which is extreme is outside of the ordinary. Therefore, an extreme sport, even if dangerous, cannot be part of mainstream culture. For example, most people in the United States do not play football, but football is certainly not considered to be an extreme sport. Football is for sure a dangerous sport, but it is also a mainstream sport, broadcasted live on national television networks, a sport that has become commonplace even to those who do not play. Skateboarding, on the other hand, is technically less dangerous than football but still carries with it a stigma of fringe culture and subculture. People who skateboard are labeled "extreme" because they are outside of ordinary mainstream culture. Therefore, extreme sports necessarily create subcultures around them that define them as being external to mainstream reality."
Abstract Discusses move toward public funding for construction and or improvement of sportsfacilities for professional sports teams and franchises. Issue of who will pay for stadiums. Expanded business sales in stadium areas. Role of state governments. Pros and cons of taxpayer financing. Need for accountability and oversight to protect taxpayers.
From the Paper "Sports Stadia: Taxpayer Funding Concerns
I. Identification of the Problem
Prior to 1953, only one major league baseball club played in a stadium funded by any government body and 75 percent of funding for all ballparks came from private sources. Excluding government-funded stadia built to attract the Olympics, American professional sports teams played in facilities that were funded with private investment capital (Public financing of?, 2001). Since then, bankers have come to estimate that about 20 percent of all professional American sports teams are somewhere in the process of building new stadiums, with franchises in all major sports leagues turning to government at the local and state level for a substantial portion of the costs associated with constructing these facilities (Garrity, 2000)."
Abstract This research paper provides an overview and background of the issues, followed by a discussion of specific stadiums throughout the nation. An assessment of the legal issues involved in financing a major sports arena is followed by a summary of the research and an analysis of the future of sports arena financing in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Review and Discussion
III.Review and Discussion of Recent Examples
V. Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "We may not have the Circus Maximus, but Americans come close. Not only do sports enjoy a special status in the hearts of Americans, it turns out that sports franchises do too. New sports facilities costing at least $200 million each have been completed or are under way in Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Nashville, San Francisco, St. Louis, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington, D.C., and are in the planning stages in Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, and Pittsburgh. Major stadium renovations have been undertaken in Jacksonville and Oakland. Industry experts estimate that more than $7 billion will be spent on new facilities for professional sports teams before 2006. Most of this $7 billion will come from public sources. The subsidy starts with the federal government, which allows state and local governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. While major sports franchises across the country are reaping the benefits of taxpayer-financed arenas in which to compete, the debate continues about the appropriateness of providing such enormous amounts of resources for the reasons provided by the promoters."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of sports in the U.S. and how sports has become a commercial industry in itself. The paper explains that America seems to commercialize everything, and with the overwhelming support for national sports, this too has become a vibrant and profitable sector of the consumer economy. The paper looks at the monetary value of sports in the U.S. and explores the benefits and down-side to mass-produced commercial sporting entities.
From the Paper "Most professional team sports play a series of games instead of one to decide the championship. For this reason, the Super Bowl is unique in American professional sports. Football has typically been viewed as the toughest team sport with large men playing a full contact sport that makes the entertainment value extremely high for sports fans. These factors make the Super Bowl a unique and powerful entertainment package that appeals to sports fans like no other championship game can. For this reason, the Super Bowl is the most commercialized event in sports. The commercialization of the Super Bowl makes it a grandiose event. People who are not even football fans watch the Super Bowl for the creative commercial broadcasting. As a result, the Super Bowl generates the creative commercialization process that increases fervor for material things and greatly influences pop culture."
Tags: superbowl, football, basketball, advertising, culture, extreme, television
Abstract The paper discusses the demand for sports marketing and how the educational system has introduced courses on sports management. The paper examines the products the companies are offering and looks at the competition within the sports marketing industry. The paper shows how sports marketing helps with the construction of sportsfacilities, the offering of sports scholarships for the talented children or the sponsorship of various social events.
Outline:
Introduction
Demand and Offer
Importance
Producers and distributors
Sponsorship
Competition
Sport product
Constructions
Conclusions
From the Paper "The promotion of sports has probably never been more important than now, when we feel an intense need for a healthier live style. For-profit organizations have often used sports personalities and events to market their items, some of the most relevant examples in this sense being Nike or PepsiCo. Several campaigns were also indented to reintroduce the population to the pleasures and benefits of sports, sending as such a social message, rather than a simple promotion of their items. These features, alongside with a variety of changes affecting the social, economic, political and technological environments, have lead to the creation of sports marketing."
Abstract The sociology of sport is a sub-division of sociology that studies sport as an aspect of cultural and social life. The paper shows that it may at first seem frivolous to study the sociology of sport, because sport in general may not be seen as a suitable topic for academia. However, it is argued that sport is an extremely important part of our cultural and social life, and that there are many good reasons for studying the sociology of sport.
Abstract This paper is a positive assessment of sports management as a career choice. It outlines and describes the career opportunities available in the field of sports management, the education, training, and skills required, job prospects, and potential salaries.
From the Paper "I am determined to pursue a sports related career preferably in sports management. The reason for my decision is my love for sports in general and Ice hockey in particular. I know that a career in sports cannot be just taken for granted because of the intense competition in the field that is fueled by the desire in countless other young people to enter a similar career path. The reason for such a trend is not hard to find: there is an in-born desire in a majority of young people to play and enjoy sports. With professional sports having achieved the status of a burgeoning industry, there are several sports-related jobs that can be adopted as full time careers these days and there is nothing more satisfying than doing the thing that we love for a living. In this essay I shall describe the different occupations that are included in sports management, the education, training and skills required for the profession, job prospects in the field and the kind of salary one can expect in sports management."
Abstract This study considers understanding fan behavior by understanding their values and emotional levels regarding sports spectating. The results of one survey, distributed to ten randomly selected sports fans and one interview, distributed to an extremesports fan, have been compared based on personal profiles, behavior patterns, satisfaction levels and social values, in an effort to learn how to improve fan behavior.
From the Paper "The popularity of spectator sports in the United States has seen a huge increase over the past few decades. This enormous increase is shown in the increase of money spent on spectator sports, which increased from $3.7 billion in 1970 to $4.9 billion in 1994 (U. S. Census Bureau, 1996). With this increased popularity, spectator sports have also seen increases in the mass media, with more television and radio time, advertising and promotion being dedicated to sports."
Abstract This paper assesses the need of select members of society to endanger them in a controlled setting in order to address why individuals participate in activities that they know to be dangerous.
Abstract The paper analyzes the skills necessary to be a successful facility manager. The paper explains facility management and the functions and responsibilities of the facility manager. The paper describes the skills and talents a facility manager must possess.
From the Paper "Small companies may lease space in a building where they have a single office or perhaps a suite of offices. The electrical connections, Internet connections, air conditioning, heating and other facility-related tasks may well be handled by the landlord who has a building manager on staff to take care of these issues. Larger companies may own or lease larger quarters, however and they will generally designate a person-or even an entire staff-to oversee the environmental aspects of the company's operations."
Abstract Juvenile crime is a tremendous problem throughout the United States. Several states have created initiatives to curb juvenile crime and prevent juvenile delinquency. New York is just on of the states that have taken the initiative to reduce juvenile crime with the Juvenile Justice Project. This paper begins by explaining the difference between juvenile delinquents and juvenile offenders. It also examines why juveniles end up in these facilities. The paper then focuses on the types of correctional facilities in New York and the treatment that juveniles get in New York correctional facilities. Finally, the author of the paper explains whether or not he agrees with the New York Juvenile Corrections System.
From the Paper "In addition, to health services juveniles that are incarcerated in these facilities have access to education, chapel services, and recreation. (Secure Detention) Each of the detention facilities has three schools that are fully staffed and provide juveniles with a tailored education. These schools are collectively known as the Passage Academy. (Secure Detention) There are also full time chaplains who are available for spiritual counseling in each of the facilities. Chapel services are held during the week and on holidays. Juveniles are also given access to recreation including outdoor yards and game rooms. (Secure Detention)"
Tags: non-secure, facilities, case, worker, Passage, Academy
Abstract This paper discusses sports in the 1960's. Citing the examples set by Presidents Kennedy, Nixon, and Eisenhower, the entire world of sports in America is examined, including the Olympics, the affect of racism, the major historical issues of the time and how they affected sports, the growth in popularity of professional sports, and the role of the television and radio.
Tags:SPORTS / POLITICAL ISSUES (INTERNATIONAL, OLYMPICS, DRUG TESTING), sports in 1960's
Abstract This paper deals with psychology in sports training. The author asserts that performance in sports is significantly influenced by a variety of psychological factors, such as poor associations with memories of failure or self-confidence. As a result, the paper explains, many sports trainers now employ a variety of psychological aspects of sports training, such as visualizations, relaxation techniques, motivational strategies, and substance abuse management. The paper discusses at length the idea of self-talk and visualization and how these techniques can help athletes achieve better results in their given sport.
From the Paper "Mental imagery has to be practiced by individuals in their own way and depends on individual preferences and the circumstances under which it is adopted. The imagery can be practiced either on or off the field. These can be for a short duration, or a long duration; while sitting up or lying down; in complete silence or with a background of music; and with the eyes closed or open. It is the choice of the individual. For games like tennis which go on for some time, this may be done by the player even while the game is on but the ball is not in play. The player can visualize where he or she wanted to hit the ball, or even practice it, without the ball. When a player is in a quiet room before an important game, he should engage himself or herself in an exercise of visualization for the game ahead. To be able to do this, the players should be relaxed and receptive as that will also help the images to penetrate deep inside their minds. It is important that visualization is repeated - about two or three times a week. (The Effects of Mental Imagery on Athletic Performance)"
Abstract This paper examines the relationship between violence and sports. The paper first asserts that violence in sports is culturally agreeable and goal oriented. The paper then explores recreational violence, including hunting. Next the paper studies how sports legitimize violence and the relationship between sports, violence and masculinity. The paper concludes by studying the effect on male-female relationships of violence in sports.
From the Paper "This research paper addresses the topic of how violence in sports affects our lives. The following relevant areas are presented..."
