Abstract This paper researches the relationship between the United States and China in regards to trading policies. A brief description of the United States' foreign policy is provided followed by an examination of the US-Chinatrade relation from 1979 to present. The context of the research centers around the four p's in trading; power, principles, prosperity and peace and how in each area China has maintained such variables in trading. The other issues that are discussed as integral to the relationship of US-Chinatrade are US-Soviet relations in regards to the China Card, Tiananmen Square, human rights, and labor standards. The paper concludes that the relationship between the U.S and China as described in the paper is teetering and yet, because of the WTO and foreign investments such as Boeing, trade with China is inevitable.
Outline:
China's Trade China's Trade Relations
China Card
Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989
Conclusion
From the Paper "The concept of trade between countries is one that has been prevalent since the shipping industry of early China. In fact China and its role with the WTO is one in which there exists strain. China became a member of the WTO in December of 2001. China had been an original member of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) but has since declined any efforts towards globalization. However, since its inclusion with the WTO in 2001 China is under specific WTO regulations. These regulations are highlighted as nondiscrimination in trading policies, market opening, transparency and predictability, undistorted trade, and preferential treatment towards developing countries."
Abstract This paper explains that China's emergence as both an economic and political force has presented opportunities for Europe to develop or expand its business and trade relationships with China. The author points out that the comparative advantage theory dictates that, if a country can produce an item at a lower relative cost than another country, then it has a comparative advantage for that particular product. The paper suggests that Europe has a strong comparative advantage in technology and infrastructure compared to the Chinese market; whereas, China's comparable advantage over any developed economy is production efficiencies based on its vast pool of low cost labor. The paper states that China has taken full advantage of the benefits of globalization by developing the technology channels to handle the communication and transaction of international commerce and the physical infrastructure for the transportation and logistics of goods and services through a supply chain channel.
Table of Contents:
Europe and China at the Crossroads
Overview
Comparative Advantage Theory
Overview
Europe's Market Advantages
China's Market Advantages
Foreign Exchange Dimension
China's Currency Issues
Europe's Currency Concerns
The Economic and Geo-Political Environment
Overview
Off-Shoring/Out-Sourcing
Currency Blocks
Production Possibilities Frontier
Foreign Direct Investment
Conclusion
From the Paper "Trade is of great concern to the EU and one of the major drivers in establishing a centralized body within which to set policy and coordinate trade agreements. Prior to the Maastricht Treaty that established the EU as a formalized body, the individual member states were seemingly caught up in endless internecine trade disputes with each other that precluded any sort of effective international trade policy to deal with an increasingly global economy. However, over the last several years, the EU has been much more effective at handling trade disputes between member states."
This paper discusses China's inception into the World Trade Organization (WTO) and addresses the question of whether or not China's markets have expanded since its entry.
Abstract On December 11, 2001, China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), opening the country's doors to change and a new economy. This paper looks at the long journey it took in order to achieve this goal and the future prospects of such a step. The paper begins with an historical overview of China's economic structure and how this culminated into a decision to enter the WTO. It discusses the obstacles that China experienced in joining the WTO and the cost of the membership. It provides a table of China's commitments to the WTO and looks at what they expect to get in return. The economic impact of such a move is discussed and how this has influenced China's market structure and financial market reform.
Introduction
History of China's Economic Structure
The Decision to Enter the WTO
Obstacles in Joining the WTO
The Cost of WTO Membership
China's Key Commitments to the WTO
What China Gets in Return
Economic Impact on China China's Commitments
Foreign Investments
Changes Made and Lessons Learned
China's Market Structure
Financial Market Reform
Trade and Foreign Direct Investment
Conclusion
From the Paper "On December 11, 2001, China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), opening the country's doors to change and a new economy. One year after China's entry into the WTO, the country reported great success, showing better-than-expected economic growth and fulfillment of its WTO commitments, despite its shaky world economy. The excellent performance of the Chinese economy was clearly demonstrated by its eight percent growth rate in gross domestic product, as well as the significant growth in trade and inflow of foreign direct investment. As a result of its inception into the WTO, financial experts forecast that China will become the fifth trading country with an import-export volume worth US$600 billion and one of the most attractive areas for foreign direct investment, which exceeded US$50 billion in 2002 alone."
Abstract The entry of China into the world economy fuels a clash of ideals between those who see it as an opportunity for greater markets and those who stick closely to Maoist ideals and fear the threat to security that this new deal brings. Although it may seem like an opportunity to grow capital markets on a global basis, there are many cultural barriers in the way. This paper examines three aspects of US-Chinatrade relations: China's access to foreign capital, China's access to technology and China's access to NAFTA goods.
From the Paper "Another aspect of trade between the US and China is that in 1999 the US already had a massive trade deficit with China. The US imported far more goods from China than it exported. The entrance of China into the WTO gives them even more access to goods in the United States, however, due to NAFTA this will include Mexican and Canadian goods as well. Some in the United States fear that this will only serve to widen the trade deficit that already exists."
A discussion on the benefits of China's accession to the World Trade Organization for China and its trading partners with a focus on the United States.
Abstract This paper discusses the benefits of China's entry to the World Trade Organization. It examines how findings indicate that China will benefit from new export markets and increased foreign investment and how the main efficiency gains from WTO membership for China will be in the protected and non-traded sectors, which will feel the impact of import competition or the arrival of new foreign-backed competitors. It looks at how China's market access commitments will provide U.S. businesses the opportunity for significantly greater market access to a broad range of goods and services in sectors that are of key importance to U.S. businesses. It also shows how East Asian economies could also benefit significantly from China's membership, since Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan (China) all provide intermediate goods and quality consumer durables that could gain market share in China.
Outline
Introduction
Expected Benefits
Stability in External Economic Relationships
Access to China's Market China Revitalized
Conclusion
From the Paper "There are seven types of trade regime commitments in China's WTO accession agreement that have a wide variety of positive implications for China's operation as a free market economy (World Trade Organization: analysis of China's commitments to other members, 2002). Some commitments require a specific action from China, such as reporting information about China's import-licensing requirements to the World Trade Organization. Other commitments are less specific in nature, such as those that confirm China's general obligations to adhere to WTO principles of nondiscrimination in the treatment of foreign and domestic enterprises. China's market access commitments will provide U.S. businesses the opportunity for significantly greater market access to a broad range of goods and services in sectors that are of key importance to U.S. businesses."
Abstract This paper discusses the trade patterns between the United States and China throughout the years. The paper examines the history of China as a government, particularly as a political and economic power in the Asian region. The paper explains that the history of trade between the two countries can be traced best through three periods in history, which may also be identified as the three phases of China's establishment and development of trade relations with the United States. These phases are explored in the paper and include early trade relations between the two countries in the first century AD, the period after the collapse of the Socialist experiment in Asia, and the integration of China into the world market.
From the Paper "The first phase involves early trade relations between the two countries in the first century AD, a period wherein the barter system was in operation. During this period, US has yet to be known as an independent nation, and was simply referred to as the Americas. Trade between China and the Americas simply involved the exchange of essential goods that each country had-China with its supply of silk, gun powder, and porcelain, and the Americas with its staple foodstuffs. In this phase, trade was in its crudest form, and would be hampered with the increasing level of isolation that China had imposed upon itself through the coming years. Thus, after the first phase, trade relations between the two countries lagged, and eventually became non-existent, especially with the development of China in the early- and mid-20th century as a Communist country."
Abstract This research discusses China's currency policy and how it affects global trade patterns.This paper pays particular attention to trade patterns with the world's leading economies such as the US and the EU. The US trade deficit with China is cited as an example of its use of an artificially valued currency as an effective barrier to trade imports into China. In this sense China's undervalued yuan is a barrier to imports and is maintained as such although China employs its undervalued yuan more to maintain its comparative advantage relative to its export market.
From the Paper "There are many types of trade barriers that can have a deep and lasting impact on the character of trade relations between nations. One of the most visible nations in the world today relative to trade and economic vitality is China. China's de facto role as the world's manufacturer has meant that its export market and foreign trade relations are intricately intertwined with the leading economies of the world such as the US and the EU. In this respect, leveling the balance of trade between China and these other leading economies is important to their long-term health. For example, the size of the US' trade deficit with China was over $200 billion and growing in 2004 (China, 2005)."
This paper is a detailed analysis of the literature relating to the United States trade policy with China and its affects on civil liberties within China.
Abstract This work makes a thorough review of the available literature relating to U.S. trade relations and policy with China, as well as the impact that free trade has had upon human civil rights and democracy in the country of China. The paper states that one of the important outcomes of free trade in the country of China has been the reduction of poverty. This in turn, according to the paper, has lead to growing power vested in citizens of the country and less power vested in the ruling party. Furthermore, it asserts that the rapid change in China has been termed to be a 'transformation' in many primary aspects of living demonstrated in the improved economic and financial aspects in China, as well as serving to impact political aspects in the country as well. The paper concludes that the government in China does not appear to be ready to shun the economic benefits of trade liberalization even if that means making room for the effects of democratization that goes along with economic benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
Idealism versus Realism
Free Trade: U.S.and ChinaTrade Relations
Trade Liberalization and Democratization
Creeping Democratization (Minxin, 1995)
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The work of Ying Ma relates that in spite of what the United States or even the citizens of China may desire, 'the Chinese Government has so far quashed and neutralized pressure for fundamental political change. Beijing controls and stunts precisely those instruments that contribute to the success of broad-cased domestic opposition: It cracks down on political opponents, co-opts potential ones, and indoctrinates the masses. It is eagerly attempting to maximize economic modernization while minimizing its liberalizing effects.' (Ma, 2007) Ying Ma states that there are several 'concrete steps' that might assist promotion of democracy in China. The first of these steps is that 'the United States should not wade into the quandary of slowing Chinese economic growth and cannot stop the Chinese government from institutionalization itself or co-opting its rival political groups,...' however it is possible that the U.S. can do more toward combating 'other sources of authoritarian resilience by strengthening China's political opposition and countering the regime's restriction of coordination goods that range from press freedom to the ability to organize.'"
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the United States trade policy with China. This paper analyzes the most favored nations status that China currently holds. The writer examines how China does business, bearing in mind the trade status that China possesses. Further, the writer discusses the reaction of the Bush administration.
From the Paper "Most-favored-nation status guarantees Chinese goods the same tariff treatment in America as those of most other countries. Jodie T. Allen of U.S. News and World Reports comments that U.S. trade officials reluctantly filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization charging that China's tax policies unfairly discriminate against U.S. exporters of semiconductors. Allen goes on to describe the ways in which the Chinese government competes unfairly and blocks U.S. imports now that China has most-favored-nation status. Another example of the way ... "
Tags: most favored nations, China, trade, economics, free trade
Abstract This paper examines the many factors involved in China's position as it is about to become a player in the global economy. The paper includes a historical overview of China and a look at the market for goods from China.
Abstract Discusses the influence of the Chinatrade on Salem. History of 17th and early 18th centuries of Salem shipbuilding. Connection to Hong Kong merchants. Using Opium as currency in China. Economic impact of profits from trade with the Orient on U.S. Government and Salem merchants. Importance of Nathan Bowditch's measuring devices to the shipping trade.
From the Paper "Introduction
Salem, Massachusetts is best known, historically, for
its witch trials. What is less known about the village, and
what is of far more importance, is the impact that the sea
had upon the village. There was a confluence of events that
made Salem a natural seaport. First, and most important was
fair and natural leeward harbor. Second was a close
proximity to Boston, which had a burgeoning sea economy of
its own. Third was land that was rich in timber providing
the lumber for ship building. Fourth was a strong merchant
base, since the town attracted and nurtured mercantile
families such as the Peabody's, the Perkins, the
Crowinshields and the Cabots (Albion, 1978).
The reasons for the Salem-China nexis are not as clear
cut. This paper will ..."
Abstract The paper summarizes James Mann's book, "About Face: A History of America's Curious Relationship with China" that explores America's policies with China after the Cold War. The paper explains Mann's thesis that American foreign policy regarding China has traditionally overlooked human rights violations, first in favor of keeping China as a powerful ally against the Soviet Union, and then in favor of promoting trade relations. The paper concludes by pointing out that despite U.S.-Chinatrade and globalization, the vast majority of people in China continue to live miserable lives of wretched poverty, with little or no personal liberties.
Outline:
Introduction
Summary
Critique
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Chinese people are clearly on an economic roll. They have gotten a taste of capitalism and the good things in life which it can bring; they have also experienced some of the problems associated with new affluence: drugs, crime and prostitution. However, the literature is consistent in emphasizing that the China of today is an economic powerhouse on the verge of exploding onto the world scene in a major way in the years ahead. China currently exports over $40 billion worth of products to America every year, and the amount is increasing rapidly. Chinese-made products are everywhere. The United States is also enjoying a healthy economy today, with increased exports and commerce which reflects the benefits which the efficiency of telecommunications has provided."
Abstract This paper states that, because of the ideological differences, national security is a major political issue that troubles the U.S. government in allowing the proliferation and rapid investment in China by U.S. businesses. The paper points out that China's large population and availability of cheap labor makes it attractive to outside businesses.
The author believes that, if China is to develop further, it must improve its core infrastructure.
Table of Contents
China's Appeal for Multinational Corporations
Economic Assets and Problems
Businesses Likely to Succeed in the Short-run
More Insights
From the Paper "Again, China's inability to keep up with growing industrialization and as a result growing demand for resources such as electricity can result in a dampening effect on growth, if not addressed. Another consequence of China's rapid economic growth has been severe environmental pollution and China now accounting for over 13% of the world's carbon emissions. Failure to check this will lead to growing health care problems, which may add to the burden of providing for the weaker sections of society."
Abstract This paper analyzes free trade and market liberalization in terms of the central role women play in market activity and their definitive exclusion from many of the resultant benefits. It shows how free trade, market liberalization and developing markets are all inter-related with gender- based factors. The paper then discusses the gender-related development index (GDI) compiled by the United Nations.
Table of Contents:
Human Development Approaches
Gender Based Perspectives
Trade Impacts on Gender
Gender Based Reform
From the Paper "One unique aspect of the human development perspective vis-a-vis free trade and market liberalization is the central role women play in market activity but also their definitive exclusion from many of the resultant benefits. Past research has illustrated the fact that women, who work in factories contributing both time and labor as well as taxes and spending, are, more often than not, treated as second class citizens in their home markets ("Gender" 1995). This inequality is manifest in women's access to the same education benefits, healthcare treatment, and nutrition services ("Gender" 1995). One of the most unfortunate aspects to this disparity in treatment based on gender is that women are also tasked with caring for the children in these societies and thus, children are also indirectly denied equality of treatment and basic human dignities."
