Abstract
This paper explains that there are significant problems in terms of conceptualization and methodology in the research reported by Sowers et. al. in the article 'Selected Diet and Lifestyle Factors are Associated with Estrogen Metabolites in a Multiracial/Ethnic Population of Women'. The author points out that the troubling methodological problems throughout the framework of this paper include ambiguous phrases, deceptive statistics, the overlooking of rival causes, inadequate justification of the project and the fundamental disconnect between the research questions and the results. The paper stresses that there is no justification for the authors' use of race/ethnicity as a variable in this study, particularly given that the authors pay absolutely no regard to the importance of socio-economic status as a variable. The author underscores that the harm of this research is that it implies inherently bad health to minorities, in this case, to African-American women, which risks perpetuating racist stereotypes.

From the Paper
"The authors find that African-American women have significantly lower levels of estrogen metabolites than either White or Asian women; a number that they suggest is inherent in the racial group as it is not correlated to lifestyle factors. To attain this result, the authors measure the independent variable of race/ethnicity against dependent dietary and lifestyle variables. Other variables such as age are controlled. However, one obvious variable - a particularly important one given the focus of the study - is entirely absent from the analysis: socio-economic status."

Tags:stereotypes, variable, socio-economic, purpose, groups

Abstract
This paper presents a critical analysis of the article "Selected diet and lifestyle factors are associated with estrogen metabolites in a multiracial/ethnic population of women" (Sowers et al., 2006). According to the paper, the article has significant problems in terms of conceptualization and methodology. This is particularly problematic with regard to the justification for its selection of race/ethnicity as a primary variable to the exclusion of other variables. As such, the article risks perpetuating stereotypes regarding racial/ethnic groups to no larger purpose.

From the Paper
"A critical analysis of "Selected diet and lifestyle factors are associated with estrogen metabolites in a multiracial/ethnic population of women" (Sowers et al, 2006) reveals how the article has significant problems in terms of conceptualization and methodology. This is particularly problematic with regard to the justification for its selection of race/ethnicity as a primary variable to the exclusion of other variables (e.g., socio-economic status). As such, the article risks perpetuating stereotypes regarding racial/ethnic groups to no larger purpose. The purpose of the article is not clearly defined in its introduction, and..."

Tags:health, nutrition, race

Abstract
This paper examines multiracial identities in popular culture and compares racisms in Latin culture. The paper looks at US census evaluation of hybridity, and considers what challenges other marginalized populations in America share with persons of mixed races and ethnicities.

From the Paper
"This paper is a consideration of the role of race and ethnicity in America, focusing on the issue of multiracial and hybrid identity. As in most other societies, classifying individuals serves as an important means of regulating, understanding and systematizing the social order. In the United States, a society that was established as an Anglo-Saxon, slave-owning patriarchy, racial and ethnic classification have helped to maintain control by the descendants of the founders. However, since an increasing number of citizens do not fit neatly into one of the limited..."

Tags:hybridity, multiracial, culture, ethnicity, hypodescent, race

Abstract
This paper looks at the positive and negative aspects of population growth around the world. In particular, the paper focuses on India, Japan, and the United States. The problems of sufficient food and space for a growing population are also addressed.

From the Paper
"Human population growth around the world has reached astounding levels in the past years. Current world population ranked an enormous figure if you consider that a significant proportion of the earth's surface is not even habitable. The country with the largest population is China with inhabitants. India is second,... and the United States is third... "

Tags:population growth, population density, population growth rate, United States, India, Japan, Africa

Abstract
This paper studies the effect of female literacy on population growth. Using the 2SLS model, this paper establishes a negative relationship between the two. A comparative analysis of the two states of India, Bihar and Kerala, reveals the same trend. However, the paper brings out the subtle differences in the social ethos of these states. The paper distinctly establishes the dominant role of female literacy in population control and recommends suitable priorities to public policy planners

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Population Theories and Economic Growth
Human Capital and Endogenous Growth Models
Which Factors Influence Population Growth
The Dominant Factor Debate
The Religious Factor Debate
The "Traditional" Factor Debate
Data and Methodology
District Level Macro Analysis Methodology
Block Level Micro Analysis Methodology
Findings
The District Level Macro Findings
Analysis by Each Variable
Block Level Micro Findings
The Spatial Analysis and the "Patna Puzzle"
Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
References
End Notes
Appendices

From the Paper
"The past decade (1991-2001) has been a watershed for India in more ways than one. While this decade saw the boldest economic reforms in India's history making it possible to emerge from the Hindu Rate of Growth, the decade also witnessed the sharpest decline in population growth (2.52% points, See Chart 1) coupled with the sharpest increase in female literacy (14.87% points) since Independence. A somewhat similar feat was achieved by the Indian State of Bihar for the period 1991-1997 where it registered a high literacy growth with the sharpest expected decadal decline in population growth (1.68% points) . Unfortunately, after 1997, unprecedented political instability led to the State slipping on these indices so much so that it finally registered a dismal performance on both the fronts of female literacy (lowest in the country) and population growth ( 2.8%, which is higher than the national average of 2.1%) for the entire decade (1991-2001) taken as a whole. An exceedingly good performance in this area (both at the national level and the State level) has prompted me to explore whether literacy (particularly female literacy) carries a more direct bearing on population control than other methods such as mass media campaigns, family planning, and sterilization."

Tags:growth, kerala, literacy, male, population, sterilisation, urbanisation

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of population control in the Asian continent. The writer maintains that the needs for population control in South Asia and Southeast Asia have been clear since the middle of the twentieth century. The writer notes that this matter has become a controversial issue and looks at the effects of population control in these areas. .

From the Paper
"The needs for and effects of population control have been evident across South Asia and Southeast Asia since the mid-1900s. Although not universally implemented through government policy or personal practice, population control has become increasingly a topic of intense debate in this area of the world, which has many of the largest and fastest growing populations. In the wake of the efforts made to date, there are encouraging signs that population increases in many nations are peaking and that such factors as birth control and literacy campaigns are having the desired results. Still, over half the world's population ..."

Tags:population, control, geography

Abstract
This paper examines the current population demographics for Ohio and makes predictions about the population demographics 50 years from now. It makes some policy suggestions about how Ohio can help its increased aging population at that time, and suggestions about controlling immigration and the birth rate, and providing for seniors.

From the Paper
"The current population demographics for Ohio are, Total Population, Population Age or Older Population Under Age, Net Migration, International Net Migration, Internal Birth Rate, Fertility Rate and Mortality Rate. The projected population demographics for Ohio is in using an overall growth rate of per year for years with no compounding to simplify the math since this can only be a rough estimate anyway, due to so many intervening factors which cannot be taken into account and assuming a constant birth rate and constant death rate..."

Tags:population, demographics, birthrate, immigration, seniors, Ohio

Abstract
This paper addresses China's ever growing problem of over population. China's policies used to curb this problem are discussed. Another issue brought to light is China's overaging population and the negative effects that could result from this population instability.

Tags:ASIAN STUDIES / CHINA, chinese population policy

Abstract
This paper looks at the underlying trends of each population growth factor separately, particularly the immigration factor. It includes several graphs and in-depth data of the population in the United States as a whole as well as divided into sectors. It gives an historical overview of the Hispanic immigration from its origin until the present day. Finally, it concludes that the Hispanic population will continue to grow rapidly into the largest minority group due to their immigration and birth rate.

From the Paper
"Researchers in demographics have persistently foretold that the rapidly growing Hispanic population would inevitably develop into the leading minority group in the United States. Updated data released from the 2000 census reveal that this belief is fast approaching actualization. The data indicates that America's Hispanic population grew by 58% during the 1990s, putting Hispanics practically equal with African Americans as the country's biggest minority group. Most demographers predicted that the Hispanic population would equal or exceed African Americans by 2005. But that may occur sooner than initially anticipated. (Travierso, Maria. 2001, 1) How has this approaching dominance among minorities occurred and what does this mean to the U.S. population at large?"

Tags:Hispanic, United, States, census, 2000, population, minority, demographics

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of recorded population growth and then discusses the negative impact that the exponential growth will have on the environment and human living conditions. The paper explains how population growth contributes to poverty, hunger, and increased energy consumption. The paper urges the reader to take action now to curb the negative effects of the drastic population growth.

From the Paper
"Does the idea of power in numbers apply to the issue of population growth? The current population growth rate in the United States is an estimated .975% in 2009. That would mean that there would be nearly an additional three hundred thousand people each year. With an immense increase in the population of one country alone, what could the impact of population growth rate of other combined countries do to our planet? Many argue that with a growth in numbers, our resources would be depleted at a quicker rate than they would be generated. This world phenomenon would create a pathway leading to world hunger."

Tags:global warming, industrial revolution, population, world hunger, poverty, global issues