Abstract
The paper discusses how computer technology greatly expands the range of opportunities to practice language skills and contributes to learning authenticity. The paper shows how even standard computer applications offer many benefits for ESL education, while the peer-to-peer communications capabilities of computer systems present a useful mechanism to encourage interaction between classmates. In addition, the paper discusses how computer technology effectively simulates target language exposure and allows ESL course designers to incorporate presentations and exercises that approximate real-world learning mechanisms. The paper concludes that ESL educational programs may be on the verge of their greatest breakthrough made possible by computer technology.

Outline:
Abstract
Computer Enhancement of Authenticity in Collaborative ESL Writing
Standard Computer Applications as ESL Education Tools
Computer Network and Internet Connectivity as a
Peer-to-Peer and Instructor-to-Student Communications Medium
Computer Network and Internet Connectivity and Target Language Exposure
Second Language Acquisition Theory and Computer Technology in ESL Course Design
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In general, the concept of authenticity in learning refers to the connection between learning from formal instruction and the genuine application of knowledge (Barton, McKellar, & Maharg, 2005). With respect to linguistic education and second language acquisition, negotiating authenticity is crucial precisely because the relative ineffectiveness of traditional methods of second-language instruction in comparison to interactive learning has been well established. The "correspondence" of learning and real-world application was recognized as early as 1916 by John Dewey (Barton, McKellar, & Maharg, 2005)."

Tags:learning, authenticity, peer-to-peer, communications, interaction, instructors, target, language

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what link, if any, exists between student learning anxiety and native versus non-native teachers in the EFL / ESL classroom environment. The study identifies key issues surrounding this question in an attempt to identify what factors contribute to Taiwanese students' increases in language learning anxiety. Further, it investigates these issues with the intention of fleshing out valuable knowledge for future research and educational advancement. The writer concludes that this comparison of language learning anxiety between students of native and non-native ESL teachers in Taiwan intends to seek out what problems exist in the current system. The writer points out that by identifying and examining such problems, administrators can make educated decisions in the recruiting of foreign or native teachers to their ESL / EFL programs.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Summary
References

From the Paper
"Taiwan is experiencing an increase in English learners. As a result, a higher number of English language teachers are necessary. To meet this need, many foreign teachers specializing in ESL / EFL have flocked to Taiwan to teach classrooms full of English learners. For a variety of reasons, most of these English learners experience an Americanized version of English language training. Lou and Chism relay this Americanized English learning with the inability of young Taiwanese students to make associations between their own culture and experiences and English. This Americanized learning is in part due to the use of American written and published EFL textbooks. Yet, in classrooms where English is taught by a foreign ESL / EFL teacher, it is difficult to know whether the textbooks or the foreign teachers create difficulty in establishing successful language connections."

Tags:English, teaching, culture, training

Abstract
This paper describes several content learning and cognitive strategies for assisting English as a second language (ESL)students in special education classrooms in maximizing learning and achievement. The paper addresses linguistic concerns and discusses the U.S. multicultural population.

From the Paper
"English as a Second Language Students (ESL) are often challenged in the American public school system regardless of their specific classroom placement. Whether served in classrooms where most learning occurs in their native language, which, given the current population demographics of the United States, tends to be Spanish, or immersed in English-language classrooms, many ESL students face unique sociocultural, linguistic, academic and other challenges that are not fully addressed by the schools they attend. At issue herein is the identification..."

Tags:special education, English as a Second Language, ESL, bilingual programs, learning disabilites, linguistics

Abstract
This paper examines ESL strategies for learning disabled students including language differences versus learning disabilities; special education strategies; strategies for the ESL and learning disabled students. The conclusion names effective strategies including instructional conversations, wordless books, T-charts, keywords and self-monitoring.

From the Paper
"This literature review concerning the topic of ESL strategies for learning disabled students addresses the following areas relevant to this study ..."

Tags:ESL, students disabled, language

Abstract
This paper explores recent trends and controversy regarding bilingual education and examines various methods for providing bilingual education. Additionally, recent educational trends in this field are discussed, including two-way bilingual education, integrated bilingual education, two-way immersion, and transitional bilingual. Issues such as preserving the students' native culture and language as well as their growth in both the native language and the newly acquired language are examined.

Outline:
Introduction
Differing Methods of Bilingual Instruction
English Only Mandates
Loss of Native Language
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bilingual Education ideally encompasses dual language learning that can take on any number of forms (Jarvis, 2006). The vast majority of research supports bilingual education as a necessity to facilitate not only learning on non-native speakers of English, but as a tool to maintain and promote heritage language and culture (Adams & Jones 2006; Combs et.al., 2005; de Jong, 2006; Hasson, 2006; Jarvis, 2006; Lee, 2006; Lopez & Tashakkori, 2006; Moses, 2000; Nora, 2000;). While research continues to indicate the benefits of bilingual education there has been recent influx of "English-only" mandates (Adams & Jones, 2006, Combs et. al., 2005; Lee, 2006; Moses, 2000) which perpetuate injustice manifesting itself in various ways throughout the educational experience of English language learners (ELL) (Adams & Jones, 2006; Combs et. al., 2005; Hasson, 2006; Moses, 2000)."

Tags:ELL, English Language Learners, ESL, English Second Language, bilingualism, dual, english only, NCLB, No Child Left Behind, immersion, Hispanic, Spanish, monolingual

Abstract
This paper discusses the pros of bilingual education in New York public schools. As part of the discussion, the paper examines the following four language programs available in New York: two-way bilingual education, transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL) and English immersion program.

From the Paper
"Over the last five years, educators in the New York City public school system have begun to acknowledge the need for schools to offer increased program choice for the wide variety of English Language Learners (ELLs) entering the New York City public school system. Current language programs in New York can be classified under four categories: two-way bilingual programs, transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL) and English immersion programs. Due to the shortage of funding and qualified teachers the majority of ELLs has..."

Tags:Bilingual, Education

Abstract
This paper reviews the problem of teaching English to immigrant children. The paper reports a concern regarding the level of English that these children learn in ESL classes. The paper further discusses the importance of understanding foreign methods of teaching when dealing with children and ESL.

Outline:
Introduction
Vocabulary Learning in a Second Language
Vocabulary in Course Material
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Even children who have grown up in this country often struggle with the language when they are first learning, and this is especially true if their parents are poor and rather uneducated because the quality of speech that they use and their vocabulary will not be the same as individuals who have had a better education and often use larger words and explain things to their children in a more complex manner (Kameenui, 2000). Contrary to the popular beliefs of many, children are not stupid and they can understand a great deal more than many parents realize. The key is to read things to them at an early age and explain what these things mean as well as explaining the more difficult words so that the child can develop a good vocabulary and a good and thorough understanding of many of the concepts that are being explained to them (Kameenui, 2000).
There are three essential concepts with learning to read. These are an awareness of phonetics, fluency with the text, and an understanding of the actual alphabet (Stoner, 2003). A student who does not have all three of these things or at least have the basic concepts of how these things work will often not do well in school. One of the main problems with the Dibels test is that it is still reasonably knew. Having only been developed in 1996 there is not a great deal of literature that actually explains how well Dibels is doing in predicting problems with reading. Actually, that is not as technically accurate as it needs to be. Dibels does apparently do well in predicting how well students will read (Stoner, 2003). However, it does not indicate the specific problems that a student may encounter because of this and what type of interventions are necessary to help that individual. "

Tags:remedial, programs, education, institution, adult, employment

Abstract
This paper contains a critical evaluation of the South Australian Curriculum Framework (SACSA) with the help of the "R-10 English Teaching Resource" document, geared towards the ESL learner. The key aspects of languages education reflected in the document are considered. The paper points out certain problems within the document: What is the ESL view of the document analyzed; are there any mismatches in the document from the ESL point of view; how does the curriculum document combine with the ESL teaching and learning context?
1. Introduction.
2. The Document Key Aspects of Languages Education.
3. The Learning-and-Teaching Context of the Document
4. Conclusion.

From the Paper
"The analysis of "R-10 English Teaching Resource" document is especially interesting from the view of an ESL learner as there are some mismatches in this particular part. The key decision makers about these mismatches are teachers who critically evaluate the document and make correct decisions on further teaching and learning development: "Thus, the teacher can learn the purpose of their learning a language, their favorite / least favorite kinds of class activities, and the reason why they learn a language" (Hismanoglu, 2000). The mismatches often result from the lack of cultural and sociological context knowledge of ESL learners, and teachers as the main decision makers should pay appropriate attention to it: "Language is culture. When a person decides to learn French, for example, he or she is not merely absorbing the linguistics of the language, but everything to do with French and France" (Tang, 1999)."

Tags:context, curriculum, decisions, document, key, mismatches, sacsa

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the integration of new technology into English as a Second Language (ESL) and English for Speakers of a Second Language (ESOL) educational programs is important to maximize their effectiveness. The educational value of new technology for students, teachers, and school personnel make its incorporation into the modern learning environment essential for maximum program success. The writer discusses that educational technology integration is equally useful in the ESL/ESOL curricula and in standard curricula, particularly in the case of delayed learners. The writer maintains that once the administrative decision to incorporate educational technology is made, the most important element for ensuring its success is educator training to understand and implement the software tools for optimum effect on learning.

Outline:
Introduction - Building Blocks for Educational Technology Integration
The Professional Competence Element of Program Evaluation
Predicting ESL/ESOL Student Response to Technology in the Learning Environment
Selecting the Right Technological Tools
Other Educational Applications
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The research-based Intellitools products are valuable teaching aides for reading, writing, and mathematics, in addition to introducing computer familiarity and literacy through their use. The IntelliTools products are adaptable to teaching core concepts, providing repetitive non-judgmental practice and immediate feedback, while tracking student responses and progress.
"Software designed by Educational Software Inc. adds another innovative concept to telling stories in its Virtual Storytelling program. The software features animation, sound effects, and interactive commands designed to capture the attention of the students from Pre-Kindergarten through 2nd Grade classrooms. The primary focus of the Virtual Storytelling software is providing 1st and 2nd Grade-level virtual stories in every subject area-related lesson. The idea is simply to promote learning through an enjoyable medium made possible by technology, particularly for the benefit of students with short attention spans, behavior problems, as well as those who exhibit hyperactivity."

Tags:applications, learners, teachers, tools

Abstract
This paper explains that the influx of immigrants to the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries made it necessary to adopt policies regarding bilingual education; by the end of the 19th century, many states had adopted bilingual laws or provided bilingual instruction without creating formal legalization. The author points out that California's Proposition 227 is a threat to bilingualism within school curricula; therefore, supporters of ESL are attempting to have limited English proficiency listed as a special education need. The paper describes and evaluates three types of ESL instruction, including the withdrawal program, in which students are withdrawn from the classroom for instruction; submersion, in which students are placed in an English-only classroom with no additional help; and structured immersion, in which students are in an English environment, but the teacher, proficient in their native language, helps the student whenever difficulty arises with English in the classroom.

Table of Contents
History of Bilingual Education in the United States
Legislation Regarding Bilingual Education
Proposition 227
Type of Bilingual Program in the Classroom
Other Types of Bilingual Programs
Evaluation of Bilingual Programs

From the Paper
"According to this initiative, federal funds are provided to support English language learners (ELLs). The focus is thus entirely on teaching and learning English only. This is encouraged by "accountability" provisions, including the judgment of schools according to the number of ELLs reclassified as fluent English speakers. Furthermore, the failure to show progress in English learning will be punished. This appears to be a return to the earlier and paranoid legislation regarding language instruction during the World War I years. It also appears once again to be unconstitutional; schools are practically being forced to abandon all attention to native language instruction in favor of English-only instruction."

Tags:german, immigrants, accountability, withdrawal, submersion