Abstract This paper uses several related sources to detail the area of study known as occupational ergonomics. The paper defines the term and its significance. The paper further discusses areas of importance concerning occupational ergonomics. The paper examines safety issues that arise because of occupational ergonomics. The paper concludes with an analysis on how ergonomics benefits businesses.
From the Paper "Ergonomics.org, a non-profit group set upon providing information and resources, defines just exactly what the study of ergonomics is. This group states that "The term 'ergonomics' is derived from two Greek words: 'ergon,' meaning work and 'nomoi,' meaning natural laws. Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work demands" ("Posture, movement, and ergonomics," 2005). Those concerned with occupational ergonomics focus upon the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) from occurring in the workplace. In recent years, with work-related injuries becoming such a costly and common predicament around the world, such groups have come to the forefront of occupational awareness, attempting to find solutions to the problem either as a service or for monetary gain. This paper will look at some of the issues involved with occupational ergonomics, including its importance in today's work environment, safety issues that are involved, and what benefits there are for companies."
Abstract This paper looks at the different factors that need to be addressed when designing hand-held power tools. The author argues that when ergonomic factors are Incorporated into their design, there are less instances of injury, less sick days, and production is increased as a result.
From the paper:
"A well-designed tool can provide a number of important advantages that can be immediately noticeable. Ergonomically designed hand-tools contribute to the prevention of injuries which will then increase productivity on a continuous basis, improve the quality of the products produced, and reduce the absenteeism in a company for health related causes. Properly controlling the ergonomic factors such as the physical loads a person exerts (through the design of the handle and trigger), vibrations, and noise of the hand tool will decrease the chances of an injury occurring on the job."
Tags:ergonomics, hand, held, power, tools, workplace, injury, design, production
Abstract This paper analyzes the topic of ergonomics in office design. The paper recognizes the importance of the physical and mental well-being of the office employee and therefore explains how interior designers need to be aware of methods of possible stresses for employees. The paper discusses how ideas of psychological, anatomic and physiological well-being all relate to ergonomics in the workplace.
From the Paper "Ergonomics is a field which stresses the combination of the sciences of psychology, physiology and anatomy when designing objects and spaces that humans will utilize in order to provide the greatest levels of adaptability and comfort for the human beings involved. It involves the capability to fully understand responsibilities at hand and the methods and means to which humans will be most proficient in ensuring their completion. Once the equipment necessary for the achievement of these tasks is more suitable for interaction with people, then it is safe to suggest that the people involved will experience fewer stresses or anxiety and thus the ultimate result will culminate in successes for all involved."
Abstract Ergonomics is matching the job to the worker and the product to the user. This research paper provides the reader with an understanding of office ergonomics and how complicated just one cubicle can be. The paper also stresses the importance of ergonomics in the office and all the hazards that it can prevent. Much can be gained from the proper use of office ergonomics, including higher productivity and fewer safety injuries. Many different organizations are referenced in this paper to give the reader the most accurate information regarding office ergonomics.
From the Paper "The cubicle, in all its glory, represents the modern day workspace for many workers and creates many frustrations. Technology has had an overpowering effect on the way we work today. As a result, we are spending more time at our desks and using a computer, leading to an increased number of ergonomic related issues. In this section, the author will discuss the hazards, dangers, and risks associated with poor office ergonomics. These include musculoskeletal disorders, sharp edges, pinch points, eye strain, poor posture, fatigue, noise pollution and emotional stress cause by working in a cubicle."
Abstract Ergonomics literally means the "science of work". Because of the inadequate designs of hand tools have long been at the root-cause of lost productivity, poor quality of products, and irreversible injuries that have caused excessive absenteeism in the work force. This phenomenon can and has been lowered by relatively simple and low cost ergonomic design changes. In this paper the author examines the science of ergonomics as it relates to the design of hand tools. The writer examines the history and development of the science of ergonomics and then goes on to discuss and review current industry standards. The paper includes pictures.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Ergonomic History
Diagnosis
Guidelines for Power Tools
Evaluation and Solutions
Authors Note
Works Cited
From the Paper "The term Ergonomics is not new. The origins come from the Greek words ergon/ergos which translates 'work', and the word nomikos that means 'law-control and orderly assignment'. Ergonomics literally means the "science of work". "Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline that is concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principals, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance". (EA Executive Council 2000). For something to be truly ergonomic it must fit the user, be easy to use, improve comfort, improve performance, and improve safety/health."
Abstract The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether or not an ergonomically designed office or workstation will reduce the number of work related injury time off and thereby increase productivity in such work places. The study is geared to determine how much of an impact ergonomically designed work stations have on the bottom line through the measurement of productivity. The writer believes that the study can also be used as a tool for future decision making needs. Ergonomics has been a popular buzzword in recent years and this study determines that bottom line value of ergonomic design in the workplace.
From the Paper "Recently there has been an explosion of ergonomic designing of workstations for the purpose of providing a more conducive and productive work environment. The buzzwords are all around including ergonomic, RTS, carpal tunnel and others. These words go along with the general idea that it is important to design workstations ergonomically for the most positive impact on the workers as well as the bottom line. The need for the ergonomically designed workstation has provided opportunities for profits in the way of ergonomic furniture."
This paper discusses the current Bush Administration's decision to sign a joint resolution of Congress disapproving Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) ergonomics standard and the consequences of putting that resolution into effect.
Abstract This paper focuses on the OSHA ergonomics program initiated in 2001 and the following elimination of that program by Congress. The scope and the purpose of the ergonomics program is examined as well as the consequences caused by its elimination.
From the Paper "It is interesting to note that this was NOT the agency's proposal, but obviously a political one, with the new President strongly beholden to the business community. The agency, OSHA, is not a ?political animal.? It was created to develop a meaningful means of overseeing workplace safety, which involves a lot more than unsafe working conditions."
Tags:ergonomic, policy, carpal, tunnel, syndrome, ergonomics, program, standard
Abstract This paper discusses the need for improved ergonomics and ergonomics that are better suited to the aging population. It discusses the phenomenon of companies having older workers in their employ now that the general population is aging. It describes various studies and their results as well as implemented plans for more ergonomic workplaces.
From the Paper "Further, according to a study by Parker et. al, older individuals in residential and nursing care homes may depend on the environment to compensate for their physical or cognitive frailties. Regulations and guidelines on the design of care buildings have accumulated over time with little knowledge of their impact on the quality of life of building users. The Design in Caring Environments Study (DICE) collected cross-sectional data on building design and quality of life in 38 care homes in and near Sheffield, Yorkshire. Quality of life was assessed using methods consisting of all residents regardless of their frailty. Significant positive associations were found between several aspects of the built environment and the residents' quality of life. There was evidence that a focus on safety and health requirements could be creating risk-averse environments which act against quality of life, particularly for the least frail residents. The new tool for assessing building design has potential applications in further research and for care providers."
Abstract Ergonomics, is the science, or study, of people and their environment and the fit between them. This paper discusses how need to consider ergonomics in office design for several reasons: because the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and other regulatory boards have mandated it for the health and safety of workers, because it increases employee productivity and retention and because many less tangible benefits will accrue from having a good workplace with healthy and happy employees.
Outline:
Introduction
Findings
Design Factors
Space Considerations
Furniture
Office Equipment
Physical Needs
Work Space
Specific Health Considerations
Aesthetics
From the Paper "It has been demonstrated by much ongoing medical research that office employees are subject to a range of medical problems and injuries caused by poor work space or equipment design. Recently OSHA has begun to pay more attention to office environments, and after many investigations of claims, OSHA made new rules for office environments to protect workers concerning noise level, light, and ventilation. If a company is found to be in violation of OSHA riles, the fines can be huge, starting at about $75,000 per instance and ranging up to $500,000. It pays to know and comply with the rules. In addition to the danger of being fined by OSHA, insurance rates can rise as violations are reported."
Abstract A brief examination of the important relationship between the worker and the job, which focuses on the design of systems to meet certain goals of human performance. This paper stresses how essential ergonomics is to the worker within the workplace and, in turn, leads to increased productivity.
From the Paper "Creating an ergonomically friendly environment often means taking a look at the workplace and conducting an analysis as the basis for creating workplace guidelines. This can be a rigorous exercise which needs to take into the work population, the work environment and the necessary steps needed to accommodate each individual and their job."
Abstract The paper discusses how leisure centers, as places of business, should focus on the specific needs of the diverse societies they serve, including children of various age groups, adults of various ages, mothers, the aged and physically or mentally disabled people. The paper explains the importance of ergonomic modifications being incorporated in a leisure facility in terms of quality and safety. The paper looks at integrating employees in the same manner. The paper concludes that it is vital for all areas of life to be made as inclusive as possible for all persons in society.
Outline:
Ergonomic Needs
Integration of Ergonomic Needs
Programme for Ergonomic Needs of Users and Operators
Conclusion
From the Paper "Children from 5 to 8 years would for example have needs such as facilities that cater for their limited size. Shallow pools, smaller tennis courts, light-weight equipment and lower drinking fountains are examples of these. They would also require adult supervision and adult-led activities in order to ensure their safety and enjoyment at all times. At the same time, supervision by a professional adult would reassure parents of their children's safety. Children aged form 9-12 years would still require a fair amount of adult supervision, although in certain activities they might be given more autonomy and/or responsibility. This depends upon their age - a child of nine years old would be slightly young to leave completely alone during an activity."
Abstract The paper explains that computer aided design (CAD) involves the application of computer technology to the design of the cockpit so that it is more ergonomic and more sensitive to the characteristics of different pilots. The paper relates that, on the whole, CAD technology is an enormous improvement on older aviation design because it allows designers to visualize situations in three-dimensionality throughout the design process. The paper discusses the CAD-based ergonomic analysis programs that allow researchers to create accurate 3-D human models that measure the impact of ergonomics on the safety and reliability of products, equipment and facilities. The paper includes graphs, tables and illustrations.
Outline:
Chapter I: Introduction
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
Chapter III:Methodology
Chapter IV: Results
Chapter V: Discussion
Chapter VI: Conclusion
Chapter VII: Recommendations
From the Paper "Aircraft accidents that lead to loss of lives receive the highest level of attention in the aviation industry. There are many different causes for aircraft accidents that occur on an everyday basis in the aviation industry, which range from pilot errors to mechanical challenges. Some of those errors are minor, but others can have devastating effects. Pilot errors can be minimized by utilizing adequate tools and various analyses. Human factors are one of the methods that would improve safety. The term "human factors" has grown drastically, and has become more popular as the commercial aviation industry realized that human errors underlies most aviation accidents and incidents, rather than mechanical failure (Greaber 1999)."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of carpal tunnel syndrome. The paper examines the cause of the syndrome and the ergonomic changes that can help prevent its occurrence. In addition the paper presents diagrams to illustrate where it impacts the body.
Contents:
Introduction
Statistics About Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Cause
Types of Jobs That Cause CTS
OSHA
Examples From Occupations
Solutions to Reduce The Risk of CTS
Ergonomic Guidelines for CTS
Effects of Other Risk Factors
From the Paper "The Occupational Safety and Health Administration organization has looked at Carpal Tunnel syndrome for many years and has developed a list of guidelines for employers to use when trying to prevent the occurrence of the syndrome in their workforce. At this time it is not mandatory to comply with the guidelines but employers who do so will find they have a reduced incidence of claims which in the long run will be extremely cost effective. In addition by implementing the guidelines set out by OSHA on a voluntary basis it will help reduce the claims thereby encouraging OSHA not to mandate but to allow voluntary participation in the guideline implementations.
The one thing that OSHA does want to mandate is what happens to a worker who has been diagnosed by a physician as having Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. "
Abstract The paper discusses the ergonomic hazards in the dental hygiene profession, known as musculoskeletal disorders. The paper reveals that an estimated 75% of dental hygienists experience hand problems during the course of their careers. The paper examines some of the causes of musculoskeletal disorders and the use of certain strategies to reduce their incidence. The paper concludes that when dental hygienists are fully aware of work related injuries common in the dental office, they will be more likely to choose to practice ergonomic techniques that promote musculoskeletal health.
From the Paper "Musculoskeletal disorders are a significant work related problem that warrants attention because researchers estimate 75% of dental hygienists experience hand problems during the course of their careers. As many as 56% develop symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. The Bureau of Labor Statistics supports these findings too (Simmer-Beck, Bray, et al, 2006). Dental hygienists are also exposed to certain body positions that produce stress and pain (Nelson & Jevack, 2001). The end result may be cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) when the body becomes unable to heal itself from "the long-term effects of repetitive motion, exposure to vibration, and/or mechanical stress" (Kerschbaum, 1997, p. 162)."
Abstract This paper examines human-computer interaction (HCI), the study of how people and computing technologies interact. It looks at how a focus on the design of computer systems is one part of the field, with usefulness and ergonomics, as well as aesthetics of the "box" ,taken into account. It looks at how the issues in human computer interaction involve not only cognitive issues for the human part of the equation and technical issues for the computer portion, but social issues for the humans involved.
Outline
Background
Social and Contextual Aspects of HCI
Groups and Computer Interaction
Flow
Conclusion
From the Paper "It may be, also, that "flow" is involved in these findings. ?The theory of optimal flow has been proposed as a useful framework for studying the experience of individuals as they learn and use computers, and for identifying the factors that influence this experience (Ghani, 1991).? (Deshpande, 1994) The key characteristics of flow, which seem to be confirmed by the researchers above, are total concentration in the activity and the enjoyment one derives from it. (Deshpande, 1994) In the cases of the study of the students, especially, these factors might have come into play. Flow moments occur when "a person's body or mind is stretched to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult or worthwhile." (Deshphande, 1994) Likewise, when one has a feeling of control over one's environment"which would have been the case after the students were instructed and counseled--flow is enhanced."
