Abstract
This six page paper looks closely at the ancient and historical figure of Eratosthenes, who died around 195 BC. He made many significant contributions to the fields of science, mathematics, astronomy, geography, and many others. His discovery of the diameter of the earth has been proven to be highly accurate today. As thus, his work is of lasting importance.

From the Paper
"Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar from about 276-195 B.C, is remembered chiefly for his scientific measurements of the earth's circumference. His work, albeit somewhat unacknowledged by his contemporaries, resulted in fantastic scientific experiments which are comparably accurate even today. By looking briefly at his biography, and then the results of his experiments, Eratosthenes will be shown to be both a highly important as well as a highly innovative thinker of his age, regardless of how he was considered at the time of his life work. Born in North Africa, Cyrene, Eratosthenes spent much of his educational time in Athens. In Athens he received the education..."

Tags:eratosthenes, measurement, earth

Abstract
This paper defines performance measurement as a system for determining how a program is accomplishing its mission through the delivery of products, services or processes. The writer of this paper discusses the effectiveness of performance measurement as an ongoing, periodic method for determining whether a program is accomplishing its goals. This paper details the three main components of performance measurements which are comprised of: Planning, implementation and evaluation. This paper also delves into the four types of performance measures which include: Input, output, effective/outcome and efficiency measures. This paper also contains a chart which shows how various types of industry would benefit by applying the above mentioned performance measurement techniques.

Table of Contents:
Overview of Performance Measures
Type of Performance Measures
Output Measures
Effectiveness/Outcome Measures
Efficiency Measures
Benchmarks
FY 01 Performance Measures

From the Paper
"Output indicators measure the quantity or volume of products and services provided to a program. Output indicators are commonly referred to as workload, or activity measures. This had been the most commonly used measurement in budget documents of the recent past. For example: an output of 800 participants for the Social Services Annual Flu Shot Program; an output of 7,800 user support occurrences for MIS. For the FY 01 Proposed Budget document, activity measures are not shown; however, Departments will continue to collect and track output measures as a means of measuring performance."

Tags:business, applied, practice, strategy, productivity

Abstract
The paper relates that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have decided to revise their conceptual frameworks for financial reporting and accounting. The paper notes that, ideally, the present framework of both boards will be broader and expansive so as to develop a conceptual framework, which both Boards can use as an outline for new and revised accounting standards. The paper explains that one key area that is affected is the basis of measurement and its effect on financial reporting. The paper then proceeds to evaluate the different ways that measurement is defined within the conceptual framework. The paper also analyzes the methodologies identified so that choices made in the future can be based on valid recommendations.

Outline:
Introduction
Measurement and Bases of Measurement
Criticisms
Objectives of Financial Reporting and the Bases Choice: Is there a Trade-Off
What Bases Should be Chosen?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Measurement in financial reporting is therefore dependent on a lot of external factors to the organization; which affect the process of integrating it within the conceptual framework of the IASB/FASB. Bullen and Crook (2006) states that measurement will continue to be one of the most challenging aspects of the conceptual framework since neither bodies have a clear cut definition as to what are the necessary bases that should be used nor are there a set of refined guidelines for the use of any bases. The definitions of both bodies are vague, and as such the conceptual framework continues to produce a vague definition."

Tags:conceptual, framework, accounting, standards, IASB, FASB

Abstract
This study examines the factors that affect the utilization of performance measurement. The study attempts to provide better information on the patterns of usage of performance measurement and to use this information to develop an elaborated model of the factors presumed to affect utilization. Using distinctions from the policy and evaluation literature, the following hypotheses were tested and confirmed: Policy adoption is driven more heavily by factors from rational and technocratic theory, whereas actual implementation is influenced by factors addressed by political and cultural considerations

From the Paper
"It is clear that if a manager cannot bring people on board with the company's vision then they will be required to take the necessary actions to ensure the company stays on track in the business transformation by involving the employees. Along with that, it is necessary to have strong leadership when competition is intensified. Therefore, companies need strong leadership so that they have the ability to be innovative enough to set themselves apart from their competitors and maintain a successful and stable structure company, which benefits the employees' health and safety by using performance measuring."

Tags:change, communication, data, results-oriented, adoption

Abstract
This paper explains that, as gear-manufacturing technology became more complex, it was more difficult to perform gear measurements with the degree of accuracy required; thus, precision in the field of gear-manufacturing began to suffer partly as a result of this declining precision. The author points out that the demands of total quality management systems, such as Six Sigma and ISO 9000, continue to raise the level of expectation to a defect-free manufacturing, which is being addressed by adding new multi-sensor units to coordinate measurement machines. The paper relates that coordinate measuring machines are not yet able to completely replace CNC generative gear testers, but demands from the automotive industry, new technologies and globalization are creating an environment where these machines will continue to improve in efficiency, precision and cost effectiveness.
Pictures.

Table of Contents
CMM Introduction
CMM History
The CMM Culture
Management Strategies
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To understand how we got to where we are today, an understanding of CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines may help to clarify the improvements on Coordinate Measurement Machines. CNC generative gear testers are nothing more than computer controlled and fully automated machines that can used to carry out various analytic tests on manufactured gears. The true difference between coordinate measuring machines and the CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines is that the latter are specifically for testing gears. Of course, many in the industry feel that CNC generative gear testers are the most accurate way of measuring axis gears. Coordinate measuring machine offer different options. For instance, coordinate measuring machines have the ability to plot and record many more axis positions. Once recorded, these axis positions serve as the necessary data points to create either two or three dimensional models of a gear or part."

Tags:commonization, automoble, sensor, defect-free, computer

Abstract
This paper defines GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and uses Qatar as an example of its application; however, the author contends, there are a number of reasons GDP cannot be relied upon solely to determine the economic wellness of a country. Instead, the author states that the real GDP must take into account the population. The paper concludes that, to measure the real GDP as an indication of economic well-being, factors such as per-capita income, composition of goods and the happiness of the citizens must be considered.

From the Paper
"What if an increase in GDP is because of the increase in inflation? Inflation increases the price of everything and because of this the value of GDP increases. This type of increase in the value of GDP because of inflation is also not very good as economic wellness and people's standard of living is directly related to the physical quantity of goods being produced and not the quantity. So, we need to taking into account the inflation factor also and adjust the nominal GDP with inflation factor to arrive at the real GDP and only this way we can tell whether or not the country is enjoying economic well-being or not."

Tags:output, period of time, standard of living, inflation, degradation of environment

Abstract
This paper describes Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's diameter, based on one assumption and two measurements, that the Earth was a sphere and that the two measurements made are the degree of the Earth's shadow at noon at two points and the distance between those points. It outlines how this experiment can be repeated by measuring the degree of the shadows cast at two locations either directly north or south of each other at noon on the same day and details the equipment required, the measurements to be taken and the mathematical equations involved.

From the Paper
"Eratosthanes used the city of Syene in Egypt as the first point. This point was selected because it was known that on noon on the first day of summer the sun was directly overhead. This was known because people observed that at this time, the buildings cast no shadows (York University). Therefore, the degree of the shadow at Syene was 0o.
Eratosthanes then needed to know the degree of the shadow at another point either directly north or directly south, at the same time of day. Eratosthanes selected Alexandria as the second city. The degree of the sun's shadow was measured and found to be 7.2o (HEASARC)."

Tags:eratosthanes, sun, moon, shadows

Abstract
This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates

From the Paper
"A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."

Tags:gnp, standard, causal, repercussions, structural

Abstract
The paper discusses constructivism as a theory of learning which posits that students "construct" learning by constant self-assessment, socializing and contextualizing. The paper explains that in this learning activity, constructivism is demonstrated as students investigate and report on a crime scene applying forensic techniques learned in science.

From the Paper
"The following is an interdisciplinary activity for seventh or eight grade middle school students. It is based on several science and language arts objectives and builds heavily on the use of problem solving skills. The primary educational theory employed is Constructivism. Background: Need - This learning event is a culminating activity for a science unit on forensics done in conjunction with a Language Arts unit on persuasive writing. It also includes on-going practice of public speaking skills. Teachers need to provide an opportunity for students to apply the skills..."

Tags:assessment, constructivism, science

Abstract
This paper examines the differing options that have been presented for defining and measuring poverty and assesses the relative flaws of each method. The paper begins by defining poverty and then discusses the reasons why there exist serious problems with attempting to define it. The paper then describes the inherent pitfalls that are evident in each method of measuring poverty. The paper also presents the writer's personal opinions on the above issues.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, it is clear that there exist significant difficulties when we attempt to both define and measure poverty. As we have seen it is very often personal opinion that either guides where we place the poverty line or what factors we use to measure poverty accurately. Using systems based on income is the common method and it is employed in many areas of the world, in particular the United States. However, Townsend was correct to highlight how income alone is not encompassing enough and it is important that we consider other factors that are integral in making and sustaining a good life. Access to quality social care is one of the most vital parts of these other factors."

Tags:society, legislature, standards, income