Abstract This paper argues that, in spite of several laws that the Canadian government has enacted to prevent the discrimination of women in the workplace, women in Canada still have not yet achieved equality in the labor market.
From the Paper "Have Women Achieved Equality in the Canadian Labour Market? Canada has put in place several legislative devices in an attempt to ensure that women do not suffer discrimination. In addition, there has been a growing recognition that discriminating against women in the labour market is unfair and should not be tolerated. However, as this paper will show, although considerable gains have been made, women have not yet achieved equality in the Canadian labour market. It will be shown that this reflects a lingering and pervasive inequality of the sexes within Canadian society. Despite the fact that legislative protections are in place, there stills needs to be a great deal of societal change before women will achieve true substantive equality in..."
Abstract This paper takes a look at how the roles of women in higher education have progressed since the 19th century. The paper explains that, although the educational choices and opportunities for women have expanded greatly since then, there still is a societal attitude underlying many classrooms where men are expected to play the dominant role in classroom discussions and research, especially in the math and science fields. As such, the paper analyzes the importance of women in advancing opportunities for women.
From the Paper "Since American women first gained access to higher education in the nineteenth century, educational choices and opportunities for women have expanded greatly. Especially after World War II, women have broken new ground in this country by entering fields that were formerly closed to them. Today, there are few fields that can truly be called male-dominated. However, this is not to say that women have yet achieved equality in education. They have not. There continues to be a societal attitude underlying many classrooms in which men are expected to play the dominant role in classroom discussions and research. Furthermore, at co-educational colleges, male faculty continues to earn higher salaries than female faculty. Because of these circumstances, all-female universities continue to play an important role in the education of women."
This paper examines the lack of equality between the sexes that exists not only in the workforce, but in various areas of sports and athletics as well.
Abstract This paper explores the normally male dominated field of sports and athletics and the lack of equality between the sexes in this area. The writer of this paper contends that in most instances, equality of opportunity between the genders is mandated by U.S. law. This paper examines the Equal Employment Opportunity Act which is the major legislation mandating equality in employment as well as Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments that mandates a move toward equality in college sports. This paper focuses on the career of jockey Julie Krone who was inducted into the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame in 2000. The writer discusses Krone's battle with prejudice in a male-dominated field, that had at one time gotten her so depressed she had contemplated suicide. This paper details the various laws and achievements of exceptional women have struggled to bring about true equality in the field of sports. This paper also contains the text of two published articles regarding women and sports, that were used in researching this paper.
Outline:
Sports Equality at the College Level
Equality in Sports Professions
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Krone made it in a man's sport and profession; it would be logical that other women would have followed in her footsteps. If one were to gauge the possibilities on the basis of a 1985 National Geographic production, The Ballad of the Irish Horse, one might think of equine sports and professions as the perfect place for women to break into a man's world. The father of a junior rider who competes in pony races, with betting and purses and all, said he didn't particularly like his teenaged daughter exposed to the dangers, but she loved it so much and was so good at it, he didn't have the heart to stop her. In the same production, there is also a women veterinarian at the Irish National Stud, breeder of many of the world's great race horses, and a segment on Lady Anne Hemphill, founder of Pony Club in Ireland, an organization to which many equine professionals once belonged."
Tags:women, gender, rights, equality, julie, krone, law
Abstract In this essay, the writer notes that less than 100 years ago, American women enjoyed relatively few freedoms: they could not vote, they could not control money, and they were frequently treated like chattel or other property, owned by their male relatives. However, the last 100 years have seen tremendous advances in women's rights. The writer points out that, first, women have obtained significant legal advances in the past 100 years, which have led to the legal recognition of women as equals. Although women have not achieved absolute equality, these legal changes have led to significant equitable equality. The writer discusses that while these changes have impacted women of different races in different manners, the feminist movement has resulted in positive changes for all women. The writer concludes that, as a result of these changes, all American women have achieved substantial gender equality, and the changes have benefited women regardless of class or gender.
Outline:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
From the Paper " Although women did not traditionally enjoy legal or real freedoms in America, there has been a tremendous change in women's rights in the last 100 years, and those changes have positively impacted women of all races and classes. Women have gone from being considered the property of husbands or the absolute property of slave-owners to autonomous individuals with the full range of legal rights and responsibilities. In addition, the law officially prohibits sex-based discrimination. These legal changes have led to increases in substantive equality. For example, women make up almost half of the American labor force and, though the wage gap still exists, it is slowly shrinking. In addition, American women have access to reliable contraceptives, giving them an unprecedented level of personal freedom. These changes have benefited women from all walks of life; though the feminist movement has not accomplished its goals of eliminating racism and classism, it has successfully benefited women of all races and classes. Such tremendous changes in such a relatively short period of time make total equality seem inevitable."
Abstract The paper discusses how Marx and others maintain that the most significant cause of female oppression is economic oppression. The paper shows how Marx believed that environment shapes the individual and he blamed economic depression on the capitalist/private property system that is in place in most of the world today. The paper also quotes Jaggar, a well known feminist, who believed that there is a direct and traceable link between class structure and the oppression of women. The paper concludes that the only way women will reach the status of true equality will be for them to be treated as equals in the economic sphere with equal pay for equal jobs, with credit being allowed for women with the same criteria as it is for men, and with women being offered an equal say in the economic decisions their families and government make.
Outline:
Introduction
Marx
Jaggar
Conclusion
From the Paper "The feminist movement was big in the 1960's and 1970's in many industrialized nations, however the less developed nation and some of the developed nations did not jump on the bandwagon when it came to the equalization of women. The oppression of women has been occurring in many nations for many years and one significant factor that it can be reduced to is economic repression. Whether it is because women do not get paid as much as men do for the same job, or men in the homes keep a rein on the purse strings it cannot be denied that the underlying factor in the oppression of women is by wielding economic depression as a tool."
Abstract This paper discusses the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) whose components are sexual discrimination and women's right to vote, which provide an equality of the sexes in American society. The paper explains that although the amendment has not yet passed through Congress, the objective of Paul's vision was to create a law that would identify women with men on an equal legal basis. The paper continues that by giving greater freedoms to women to enact their rights as voters, women should then have the rights as men, to be viewed through the same apparatus that should protect both sexes in a court of law.
From the Paper "This legal study will analyze the two components of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) that forged the women's right to vote, as well as the banning of sexual discrimination in American society and law. By understanding the text of the ERA, one can realize these two important components of this proposed legal action for the equality of the sexes. The first section of the Equal Rights Amendment is a component, which has been based on the issues of women's right to vote, as applied in the 19th amendment: "Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex." (Paul para.1)"
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses and analyzes the equal rights movement from the past to the present. The paper details the significant steps in the Women's Rights Movement from 1848 to the present. The writer discusses the current interests in women's rights and presents reasons for their importance. Further, the writer also discusses the future of women's rights, including increasing rights for women.
From the Paper "For some the women's rights movement began when a number of women began discussing the status of women in America in earnest. Women were not allowed to vote, thus women had to submit to laws when they had no voice in their formation. Married women had no property rights. Husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they ... "
Tags:women's rights, suffrage, voting rights, equality, sexual harrassment, pay parity, equal rights amendment
Abstract The paper discusses women's equality issues that stem back to 18th century in Great Britain and the United States. The paper highlights the role of women such as Mary Wollstonecraft and Lucretia Mott, both of whom strongly advocated equal rights for everyone in the late 1700s to mid-1800s. It discusses in detail, with references and examples, the efforts put in by women to achieve equality.
From the Paper 'Although Wollstonecraft was in most part a strong advocate of Rousseau, "warmly as I admire the genius of that able writer, whose opinions I shall often have occasion to cite," here she takes him to task for his division of the sexes: "Is this the man, who, in his ardour for virtue, would banish all the soft arts of peace, and almost carry us back to Spartan discipline?" Responding to his claim that "a woman should never, for a moment, feel herself independent," she calls it "Nonsense," and argues, "women are by nature inferior to men, their virtues must be the same in quality, if not in degree, or virtue is a relative idea; consequently, their conduct should be founded on the same principles, and have the same aim." "
Abstract This paper looks at how the path to women's equality has always been a slow process and how the 1920s and 1930s were slower than most periods. It examines how women suffered as the economy headed south and women had not yet united to support causes such as the Equal Rights Amendment. It analyzes the small amount of headway women did make during these troubled times. Women began to advance a women's control over her reproduction and sexuality and the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) brought sexism into the broader context of racial discrimination.
From the Paper "However, after the initial surge of support for women's rights with the passage of the 19th Amendment, feminist fervor diminished throughout the latter half of the decade and all but disappeared during the Depression. And with that reduced support for women's rights came a renewal of traditional belief that women belonged in the home, not in the workplace. The proposed Equal Rights Amendment rarely received positive mention and was far removed from public concern. And, during the Depression, society viewed working women as stealing jobs from men who needed them to support their families. The sexist request that women refrain from entering the realm of the employed to solve the men's unemployment problem came from labor unions, state and federal governments, and employers alike."
Abstract This paper argues that women must hold more political positions in their nations? governments. The paper describes that women are fifty percent of the population and therefore should have their fifty percent of their vote represented by women. It demonstrates that women representatives from industrialized countries demonstrated greater concern over issues, such as birth control and childcare, equal pay for casual work, affirmative action and sexual harassment measures, and those in developing countries, focused more on access to childhood immunization, clean and constant water supply, delivery of primary health care services and affordable food sources. The paper illustrates those ground breaking women who have held high political office.
From the Paper "The Second Global Congress of Women in Politics conducted a study on the presence of women in national parliaments throughout the world and discovered that, in the last 25 years, the participation of women in parliaments from 1975 to 1998 grew only slightly from 11% to 12.7% (Kyodo 1998). Women in Nordic countries have the highest rate of participation at a combined average of 36.7% in the two houses of Congress. Arab women have the lowest level of participation at only 3.3%. Asian figures rose from 3% to over 12% in the last 25 years, but there is nothing exciting about this, since Asia holds more than the total world population, half of which is female. (Kyodo)"
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the essay, "The Equality Crisis", by Wendy Williams. Specifically, it contains some reflection on the piece and how it relates to women's studies and the law. Women still have a long way to go to reach true equality with men, and one of the reasons is the court system, which still uses two different standards for judging men and women.
From the Paper "William's essay brings up some startling and disturbing points about the law as it relates to women, and many of them are hard to refute. Ultimately, the author believes the court systems uphold the laws as they relate to the majority ? white American males, rather than minorities. Thus, she believes the best venue for making change, especially as it relates to women, is not in the courts, but in the legislatures of the states and the nation. This seems to be true, as the court systems still are led primarily by men, and women are the minority in judgeships, and so, they are in the minority in the decisions handed down by primarily male judges."
Abstract This paper examines how one of the most significant aspects of the French Revolution was the incredible momentum the women's movement achieved during this time. It looks at how, during a time of intense suffering and turmoil, women came together to fight for a common cause and how ,in the wake of the Enlightenment and the French Assembly issuing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, French women rose to the occasion and courageously demanded freedom and equality. While many of these women did not live to see the equality they fought for, their efforts proved to be a constructive force during the French Revolution.
From the Paper "Olympe de Gouges was another influential woman who fought for equality. In 1791, Olympe de Gouges wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Women. She demanded that women be looked at as citizens as well as mothers, wives, daughters, and sisters. In her declaration she also argued that women have the right to own property. She also argued for equality in marriage and education. She encouraged women to "wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights" (de Gouges). Her declaration demonstrated how the rights described in the Declaration for the Rights of Man and Citizens created basic rights for everyone, including those that it did not cover."
Abstract This paper discusses two major organized efforts by women to achieve greater rights. The paper examines the first effort that began around the mid-nineteenth century when women in the United States and elsewhere campaigned to gain suffrage, the right to vote and lasted until the 1920s when several countries granted women suffrage. The second effort discussed in the paper, gained momentum during the civil rights movement of the 1960s, when the struggle by African-Americans to achieve racial equality inspired women to renew their own struggle for equality.
From the Paper "Throughout the history of Western civilization, cultural beliefs allowed women only limited roles in society, such as mothers and wives, and it was believed that women were intellectually inferior to men (Women's pp). Women shared the same disadvantages with the majority of working class men, since many social, economic, and political rights were restricted to the wealthy elite (Women's pp). During the late eighteenth century, political theorists and philosophers asserted that all men were created equal and thus entitled to equal treatment under the law, and when in the nineteenth century, governments in Europe and North America began drafting new laws guaranteeing equality among men, large numbers of women began demanding equal rights as well (Women's pp). However, this was also during the Industrial Revolution which tended to further divide the roles of men and women, since more men worked outside the home in factories, the rightful place for women was in the home (Women's pp). "
This paper discusses that the differentiation and discrimination of women's roles vary by different religions: Traditional Christianity, Islam, Hindu and ancient African traditional religions.
Abstract This paper explains that the very issue of women's, wherein the traditional roles that were being played by women are now being discarded in favor of more equality and independence, has caused confusion and irritation in the minds of the Christians of today; Christianity in the pagan times were never treated as being more than mere chattel. The author points out that, in Islam, the subservient determination position of women is defined not by the numerous Islamic ideologies that but by the Pre-Islamic patriarchic ideologies; whereas, in India, the ancient Hindu Scriptures and the Vedas are the base for the systematic discrimination against women, which often culminates in the forced abortion of female fetuses. This paper relates that, in ancient African traditional religions, the woman is treated equally with mend; woman play an active role in all aspects of life, which is not seen in any other religion anywhere in the world.
From the Paper "The truth is that both Buddhism and Jainism were protest movements against the various unfair practices of Hinduism, especially in relation to women. However, the advent of these two religions had little or no impact on the status of women in India, and the reason for this may be that more emphasis was laid on the factor of asceticism, wherein women were expected to be severely ascetic in all their beliefs and practices. This was similar to the beliefs of the early Christian ascetics, and the teachings found in the old Essenes, and the Franciscans. Therefore, though Buddhism and Jainism opposed most of the horrible practices found in Hinduism, like for example, Sati, where a wife was actually burnt to death at the funeral pyre of her dead husband, women were still considered to be a real burden, and also a hindrance to real progress. The path to liberation was curtailed and prevented, by women, according to the belief of the Buddhist and Jain leaders. Thus, they too did not treat women as more then a burden and a hindrance, and though unfair practices were frowned upon, there were no fair practices either, within the religions, as far as women were concerned."
Tags:equality, chattel, female-infanticide, subservient, quran
Abstract The paper discusses how Canadian women report more difficulties in attaining well-paid jobs, respect and equality in the workforce. The paper asserts that women should be treated equally in the workplace, men should take on household duties, women should have more than simply part-time opportunities open to them and childcare should be of a reasonable cost, so women can truly afford to work outside the home. The paper contends that a change in social values is needed to bring Canada into the 21st century.
From the Paper "While a strong feminist movement in the 1960s did move many Canadian women and their issues into the spotlight, and created new opportunities for women, women's work in Canada has seemed to stall since the 1990s (Phillips, et. al, 2000, p. 14). Another author reports, "Women in Canada earn an average 72.8% of men's earnings, dropping to 67.3% for self-employed women, and 53.8% for employed minority women. In the highest paid jobs (senior managers, lawyers, dentists, general practitioners) women earn an average 66.4% of men, and only 19.7% of women are in them" (Fenwick, 2004, p. 136). This continues to be a burgeoning problem in Canada, demoralizing Canadian women and giving their families far fewer opportunities for economic advancement and equality."
