Abstract
This paper discusses the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) whose components are sexual discrimination and women's right to vote, which provide an equality of the sexes in American society. The paper explains that although the amendment has not yet passed through Congress, the objective of Paul's vision was to create a law that would identify women with men on an equal legal basis. The paper continues that by giving greater freedoms to women to enact their rights as voters, women should then have the rights as men, to be viewed through the same apparatus that should protect both sexes in a court of law.

From the Paper
"This legal study will analyze the two components of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) that forged the women's right to vote, as well as the banning of sexual discrimination in American society and law. By understanding the text of the ERA, one can realize these two important components of this proposed legal action for the equality of the sexes. The first section of the Equal Rights Amendment is a component, which has been based on the issues of women's right to vote, as applied in the 19th amendment: "Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex." (Paul para.1)"

Tags:vote, women, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses how the Equal Rights Amendment, which was first introduced to Congress in 1923, still eludes women, despite the simple words that comprise the entirety of the proposed amendment. It looks at how, throughout history, a quagmire of social, political, and economic forces have prevented ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment and how we now appear to be closer than ever before to providing full constitutional protection for women.

From the Paper
"Abortion rights are still hotly contested, but retribution against equal rights for women appears to be diminishing. In United States v. Virginia in 1996, the Supreme Court held that the all-male admission policy of the Virginia Military Institute violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. If the Equal Rights Amendment was to come back up for a vote this year, it would certainly stand the best chance of passing in U.S. history and would likely be adopted by a more progressive society than has existed in the past. And, after all, only three more states are needed to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment."

Tags:abortion, feminism, vote

Abstract
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), first proposed in 1923, is still not part of the U.S. Constitution. The ERA has been ratified by 35 of the necessary 38 states. When three more states vote 'yes', the ERA might become the 28th Amendment. This paper discusses the history of this document, focusing on the role of feminists in the 1960s in advancing the ERA.

From the Paper
"The ERA has been a topic of great controversy since its proposal in 1921, but the reasons have changed over time (Freeman, 1988). The document was written by Alice Paul, founder of the National Woman's Party (NWP), which served as the militant wing of the Suffrage Movement. After suffrage, Paul and her supporters decided that the next step was to remove all legal discrimination against women. They believed that this called for another federal amendment. The ERA aimed to diminish state laws that restricted women's jury service, their rights to control their own property, contract, sue, and keep their own name and domicile if married; gave them inferior guardianship rights over children; and stigmatized them as lesser citizens."

Tags:civil, rights, NOW, National, Woman's, Party, Schalfly

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses and analyzes the equal rights movement from the past to the present. The paper details the significant steps in the Women's Rights Movement from 1848 to the present. The writer discusses the current interests in women's rights and presents reasons for their importance. Further, the writer also discusses the future of women's rights, including increasing rights for women.

From the Paper
"For some the women's rights movement began when a number of women began discussing the status of women in America in earnest. Women were not allowed to vote, thus women had to submit to laws when they had no voice in their formation. Married women had no property rights. Husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they ... "

Tags:women's rights, suffrage, voting rights, equality, sexual harrassment, pay parity, equal rights amendment

Abstract
This paper addresses the history of women's rights over the past century in the United States. The paper holds that the road toward equality for women has been extensive and complex. It includes a discussion on their right to vote in 1920 with the Nineteenth Amendment and the passing of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972, which made it illegal to discriminate anyone on account of sex. The paper points out that, today, women are active members of the military, belong to congress, play all sports and are successful in careers that were once only available to men. The paper concludes that the Equal Rights Amendment has been an important stepping stone towards equality for women.

From the Paper
"When women first were allowed to enter the United States military their roles were restricted to what at the time was considered to be a female occupation. "The government actively recruited women for the military service non-combative service only" (Ching & Ching, 2001). Before the acceptance of women in the military women created groups like WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) or WASP (Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots). These groups would assist in duties which sometimes were as dangerous as their counterparts however they did not receive the any military benefits, such as pension or insurance (Ching & Ching, 2001). The attitude towards women in the military did not change much an in the 70's the discriminations only amplified. In fact, well known Naval and Air Force Academies refused to allow women to enter using as an excused that it was not necessary since women were only able to perform non-combative service in the United States military (Ching & Ching, 2001)."

Tags:constitution, amendment, feminism, suffrage, vote

Abstract
This paper explains that, over the last 150 years ago, the past seven generations in the United States have witnessed an extraordinary movement by women to attain full civil rights resulting in dramatic social and legal accomplishments. The author details the history of the women suffrage movement leading up to the passage of the female enfranchisement amendment of the United States Constitution. The paper continues to tell about post-suffrage movements such as Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement and the second wave of activism in the 1960s, which led to the Equal Rights Amendment passage in 1972.

From the Paper
"Unlike the NWSA, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) consisted of both women and men. Lucy Stone with the aid of her husband Henry Blackwell, Mary Livermore, Julia Ward Howe, Henry Ward Beecher, and others led it. AWSA endorsed the Fifteenth Amendment while still working for woman suffrage. While the AWSA supported the federal amendment for female enfranchisement, it focused more on developing grass roots support for woman suffrage by forming state level organizations and working through its publication, the "Woman's Journal". They tried to make woman suffrage and other feminist reforms seem less radical and consistent with widely shared American values."

Tags:civil-rights, suffrage, amendment, sanger, reproductive-rights

Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that the African-American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and the women's liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s share many similarities related to the process used to gain their rights, their underlying causes, their overall goals and especially the leaders who guided each of these movements. The paper explores the beginnings of the African-American civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott and Dr. Martin Luther King and his non-violent protests. The paper then looks at the American Equal Rights Association, the leadership of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Equal Rights Amendment.

Outline:
Thesis Statement
The African-American Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King and his Non-Violent Protests
Women's Liberation (the Feminist Movement)
The American Equal Rights Association
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although African-Americans have been discriminated against and viewed as less than second-class citizens going back as far as the founding of the United States of America in the late 18th century, it appears that the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement happened in May of 1954 when the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v Board of Education that racial segregation in the US public schools was unconstitutional. In the opinion of Chief Justice Earl Warren, "separate schools are inherently unequal" and help to breed "in the minds of Negro children a sense of inferiority. . . Therefore, these Negro children" have been denied "the equal protection of the law" required by the Fourteenth Amendment to the constitution (Riches, 45).
"Certainly, this important decision by the Supreme Court inspired African-Americans to continue their struggle for civil rights, especially when President Dwight D. Eisenhower "accepted the desegregation ruling of the court as valid" and then in 1956, sent one of the first civil rights bills to the U.S. Congress, "designed to fulfill the obligation of Congress to enforce by appropriate legislation the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments" and to create a division in the Department of Justice to "enforce the civil rights of the individual," including the right to vote. This bill, although not supported by many Southern democrats, was passed by Congress and was signed into law by President Eisenhower in September of 1956 (Powledge, 134)."

Tags:Rosa, Parks, King, suffrage, voting, Stanton, Anthony

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of voting discrimination and provides historical information about the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which became one of the nation's first civil rights organizations aimed at promoting equal rights for African-Americans. It charts the introductions of the amendments that created equal voting rights and explains the voting trends of black and white Americans up to today.

Outline:
Description and Evolution
Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments
Voting Rights and African Americans
The Civil Rights Division
Civil Rights Movement and Politics
African American Politics
American Society Turnout
Black Turnout vs. White Turnout
Voting Rights Now
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While the federal civil rights statutes and the Civil Rights Division were instrumental in helping end legalized segregation and helping forward equality in America, it would be unwise for one to assume that the Civil Rights Movement was a political movement. On the contrary, the Civil Right Movement of the 1960s was a social movement, and it was social pressure, not political pressure that helped change the face of America. While white narratives of black acquiescence during the Jim Crow era might lead one to believe that blacks tacitly accepted such discrimination, the reality is that African Americans actively opposed the institution of segregation from its beginning. "The NAACP had supported numerous legal battles from the 1920s forward- usually local litigation and investigations of lynching, challenging the unequal facilities of state institutions and laying down thereby a body of legal precedent used by the courts in the 1950s" (Davis, unknown). This resulted in a dramatic shift in African American voter registration, going from more than 150,000 southern African-Americans registered to vote in 1940 to more than a million by 1952, despite the fact that there were still strong laws that were determined to prohibit blacks from voting (Davis, unknown). Rather than fighting for equality in the political realm, where African Americans had little influence because they were being denied the right to vote, many of the early Civil Rights leaders chose to battle it in the courtroom, where they had a better chance of obtaining equality."

Tags:opposition, political, segregation

Abstract
The paper discusses the modern interpretation and application of the First Amendment that is in the realm of the freedom to publish critical opinions of the government without fear of reprisal in the form of arrest or criminal prosecution. The paper then discusses the Fourth Amendment that protects individuals from being searched at the mere whim of law enforcement agents and from having their homes, businesses, and other property searched without a warrant, the Fifth Amendment that provides the right against self-incrimination and the right to the due process of law and the Sixth Amendment entitling all criminal defendants to competent counsel irrespective of the nature of the crimes for which they stand accused. Finally, the paper looks at the Fourteenth Amendment that calls for the ten amendments of the Bill of Rights to be applied to the individual states and also provides the right to equal protection under the laws of both federal and state authority.

Outline:
The First Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Fourth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Fifth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Sixth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security

From the Paper
"The first quoted portion of the Fifth Amendment requires that persons accused of serious crimes (i.e. felonies punishable by more than one year of incarceration) must first be inducted by a grand jury (Schmalleger, 2008). However, by far the most important of the protections afforded by the Fifth Amendment are the right against self-incrimination and the right to the due process of law throughout the criminal process. Prior to the modern era of American jurisprudence, it was not at all uncommon for police to extract evidence of crimes and/or confessions from persons under arrest through the use of physical force, intimidation, and deprivation of food and water (Conlon, 2004; Dershowitz, 2002).
"That aspect of American criminal law changed dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of a line of cases that included Miranda v. Arizona that established the so-called "Miranda rights" according to which arrestees are entitled to refuse to answer questions once in police custody and must be advised of those rights, as well as of their Sixth Amendment right to counsel as a condition of the admissibility of any statements or evidence they provide during questioning (Dershowitz, 2002; Schmalleger, 2008; Zalman, 2008).
"The due process rights guaranteed by the Fifth amendment govern the entire process of criminal justice administration from arrest, through arraignment, indictment, appointment of counsel (if necessary), and the pretrial and post-judgement phase (i.e. the appeal) of criminal trials."

Tags:due, process, freedom, warrants, counsel, equal, protection

Abstract
The paper outlines the abortion controversy from the perspective of First Amendment issues in connection with the Establishment Clause, two Equal Protection issues in connection with the respective rights of women and unborn persons and the significant medical ethics concerns. The paper considers these issues and comes to the conclusion that the choice to terminate a pregnancy must not be restricted by law except where justified by reasonable objective principle. The paper strongly contends that religious beliefs must never be allowed to infiltrate secular law and public policy in the United States.

Outline:
Background and History of the Abortion Controversy
The First Amendment Issue
The Fetal Rights Equal Protection Issue
The Maternal Equal Protection Issue
The Right to Privacy Issue
The Appropriate Use of Medical Ethics Principles in Legislative Definitions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The topic of abortion rights has been one of the most sensitive political and social issues since the historic Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973. Prior to that decision, very few American states allowed elective abortions, meaning that many women who wished to terminate an unwanted pregnancy had no other choice but to subject themselves to so-called "back-alley" abortions performed illegally by midwives or persons without any medical training at all. As a result, complication and infection rates were exceptionally high in comparison with comparable surgical procedures performed by licensed professionals at fully equipped medical facilities (Reiman 12)."

Tags:First, Amendment, Establishment, Clause, Equal, Protection, fetus, women, ethics