Abstract This paper traces the history, origins and evolution of the Affirmative Action and EqualOpportunity Acts as well as the opposition to such laws. The paper also looks at which agencies enforce and control the Affirmative Action and EqualOpportunity Acts and how they are enforced. Furthermore, the paper examines both affirmative action and equalopportunity litigation, the outcomes of the litigation and the repercussions of those outcomes. Finally, the paper discusses the effects of the Affirmative Action and EqualOpportunity Acts on America and how minorities feel when they receive unequal treatment.
From the Paper "The policies of affirmative action aiming at assisting the black Americans are of recent origin. The policies have sought its origin to varied sources like legal structure, executive instructions, and court rulings. It was during the last three decades that these policies were being developed and they have become debatable as well. (Legal History) During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, a large number of African-Americans officiated in important public posts inclusive of two senators and 20 members in the House. However withdrawal of sustenance for reconstruction by the federal government in the late nineteenth century, the benefits extended to African Americans were wiped out and substituted by a system of legal segregation such as that of Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans. (Affirmative Action: Background)"
Abstract This paper humorously examines the steps required in order to form a totally equal society. It looks at how equalopportunity is supposed to ensure that everybody is treated the same, yet this can never be a reality in the current situation. No matter how equally everyone is treated, people cannot help but see the differences. It proposes that the only effective way of ensuring people do not judge others on their differences, is for the differences to be hidden from humans. With individual differences hidden, the black man is treated the same as the Indian and the white man and the woman is treated the same as the man. It also suggests using technology to alter brain patterns to change perception so that the features of people are not noticed by individuals. People will either need to be seen as identical, or not seen at all.
From the Paper "Another option is for people to be viewed not as themselves, but as identical human constructs. One form of a person can be selected and virtual reality technology used so that each person appears as this construct. It is noted however, that the decision of what form the construct will take, will be a controversial one. If a white man is chosen, this will communicate that the white man is the perfect form. To prevent this, the construct will have to be gender and culture neutral. This may mean having the construct as a combination of characteristics, or having it completely free of characteristics. The construct may be in a form that does not represent any cultural group, such as being purple in color, or it may have no such form, such as appearing like a stickperson."
Tags:equal, opportunity, black, white, technology, brain, women
Abstract The objective of this paper is to critically examine Equal Employment Opportunities (EEO) policies, especially those of ethnicity, gender, or disability under the current British Governmental Educational policy or proposed policy. The paper shows that while laws, policies and regulations have been enacted in Britain to ensure that (EEO's) exist for all individuals regardless of ethnicity, gender or disability, at the same time other more inherent problems exist that must be addressed, such as the lack of education and training within the British workforce.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Key Terms of the Study
British Race Equality Policies
Report of the European Employment Observatory
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "According to the work of Dhami, Squires and Modood "It has been suggested that political policy-makers and theorists operate on an 'egalitarian plateau' in which everyone accepts that citizens should be treated as equals. However, there is profound disagreement to what 'treating people as equals' requires." Dhami, Squires and Modood state that previous generations have entered a debate surrounding the "relative merits of equality of opportunity versus equality of outcome" and that it is now held by only a few that the political ideal is 'equality of outcome'. It is stated as well that a 'minimal concept of equality of opportunity' equates with disallowing an individual's race, gender or religion "to affect their chances of being selected for a job, of getting a good education...." and the like however it is held within the 'conventional conception' that in addition to this that "one should also be concerned to ensure that everyone has an equal chance to acquire the relevant competencies, skills and qualifications"
This paper concentrates on the background of legislative efforts to equalizeopportunity for American blacks and discusses the efforts made to realize non-discriminatory values, specifically the public policy of 'Affirmative Action'.
Abstract The following essay examines the affirmative action legislation that was created with the intention of offering the values of equalopportunity, racial equality and individual liberty as public policy. The writer examines how the rhetoric and political jargon involved in the implementation often overshadowed or confused the values that originally were intended in the legislation. It is of this writer's opinion that the Declaration of Independence established the idealistic intent of the United States of America to be a place for democratic equality and today Americans are still dealing with the complexities of turning the ideal into the real.
From the Paper "Polarization over public policy attempting to legislate values is common. Affirmative action is an especially emotional, value oriented legislative issue. The complexities and ironies involved were present in the roots of American democracy and reverberate into modern times. Rhetoric resonates when affirmative action is the topic under discussion. Words like discrimination, reverse discrimination, preferential treatment, justice, equality, politics of inclusion, quotas, color-blindness fly fast and furiously. The main values under consideration in public policy concerning affirmative action are equal opportunity and civil rights. At it's inception affirmative action legislation was aimed at racial equality centered on the black/white dichotomy. As it evolved affirmative action came to include concern for the civil rights of other American ethnic minorities as well as the equality of civil rights between the sexes. In order to somewhat limit the vastness of the subject, this paper will concentrate on the extensive background of legislative efforts to equalize opportunity for American blacks and the public policy that emerged as efforts to realize non-discriminatory values evolved into what became known as affirmative action."
Abstract There is little doubt in the minds of impartial historians and social critics as to the successes of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), However, the EEOC has arguably outlived its usefulness in its current incarnation and needs to be restructured to better fit the changing times. This paper briefly examines some of the benefits of the EEOC and some of its problems to provide the reader with a better understanding of the current form of the EEOC.
Abstract This paper presents a review of the history and scope of the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). It describes the founding and particular functions of this federal agency to ensure that all Americans have equalopportunity in the American workplace. It looks at how the EEOC operates to try to prevent workplace discrimination.
From the Paper "The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Discrimination in and of itself is not a harmful action. For example people discriminate all the time when they choose one particular restaurant over another or one movie over another. Such discrimination is based on.."
This paper examines the lack of equality between the sexes that exists not only in the workforce, but in various areas of sports and athletics as well.
Abstract This paper explores the normally male dominated field of sports and athletics and the lack of equality between the sexes in this area. The writer of this paper contends that in most instances, equality of opportunity between the genders is mandated by U.S. law. This paper examines the Equal Employment Opportunity Act which is the major legislation mandating equality in employment as well as Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments that mandates a move toward equality in college sports. This paper focuses on the career of jockey Julie Krone who was inducted into the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame in 2000. The writer discusses Krone's battle with prejudice in a male-dominated field, that had at one time gotten her so depressed she had contemplated suicide. This paper details the various laws and achievements of exceptional women have struggled to bring about true equality in the field of sports. This paper also contains the text of two published articles regarding women and sports, that were used in researching this paper.
Outline:
Sports Equality at the College Level
Equality in Sports Professions
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Krone made it in a man's sport and profession; it would be logical that other women would have followed in her footsteps. If one were to gauge the possibilities on the basis of a 1985 National Geographic production, The Ballad of the Irish Horse, one might think of equine sports and professions as the perfect place for women to break into a man's world. The father of a junior rider who competes in pony races, with betting and purses and all, said he didn't particularly like his teenaged daughter exposed to the dangers, but she loved it so much and was so good at it, he didn't have the heart to stop her. In the same production, there is also a women veterinarian at the Irish National Stud, breeder of many of the world's great race horses, and a segment on Lady Anne Hemphill, founder of Pony Club in Ireland, an organization to which many equine professionals once belonged."
Tags: women, gender, rights, equality, julie, krone, law
Abstract This paper explains that the Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s aimed for the realization of constitutional provisions for equality, especially the establishment of equal labor opportunities, which allow minorities to become economically and socially mobile. The paper discusses strategies used to promote awareness of the issue of labor equality and how it developed with the Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s. The paper also identifies issues that remain a concern and how they can be addressed. In addition, the paper includes a prospectus to determine the developing issues for the 21st century. An annotated bibliography is included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Awareness of the Issue
From the 1960s to 2006
Unresolved Issues
Changes in Approach
Conclusion
From the Paper "By the 1990s, advocates, such as Redwood (1996), point out that though there has been progress in promoting equal work opportunity, much of it has been reserved for men. She even argues that women from minority or cultural groups are doubly disadvantaged, with gender being the more major concern. Morella (2007) points out that even within these discriminated groups, there is even further discrimination because of gender, race of national origin. Because of the lack of opportunities given to minority groups, whatever opportunities are afforded them is severely competed for."
Abstract This paper discusses the controversial role that Title IX has played in guaranteeing equalopportunities to both genders in high school and collegiate athletics. The paper explains that the topic's justification stems from its almost limitless potential in affording valuable opportunities to athletes who otherwise might have been excluded from participation. It outlines the three main applications of Title IX - the promise to guarantee gender equity of financial assistance to athletic programs, the accommodation of athletic interests and abilities and equal benefits, opportunities and treatment provided to athletes.
From the Paper "From its inception one June 23,1972, Title IX has been subject to much congressional debate and modification, fortunately being upheld and even expanded in the last 27 years. The first substantial threat to Title IX occurred in 1974, with Senator Tower proposed the Tower Amendment, which would "exempt revenue-earning sports from being tabulated" in Title IX compliance data. Although it was defeated, the slight modification of the Javits Amendment, "with respect to intercollegiate activities, reasonable provision considering the nature of participating sports," was approved, thus allowing for provisions of inevitable, slight inequalities with regards to event management. Two more attempts to restrict the extent of Title IX with regards to revenue-producing sports were defeated in 1975, and the same year the Title was signed into law by President Gerald R. Ford. The controversy was reawakened in 1977 when Senators Jesse Helms and Representative Martin called for the repealing of Title IX, but their efforts did not win sufficient support. At the decade's end, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare finally instituted a formal policy to define the function of Title IX, that it listed "an institution's obligation to provide equal opportunities and details the factors to considered in assessing actual compliance." "
Abstract This paper discusses the legal basis of the situation of women in the military, and relevant court cases such as Hoyt v. Florida, Taylor v. Louisiana, US vs. St. Clair, Rostker v. Goldberg, Craig v. Boren, and Schlesinger vs. Ballard. Discusses myths and truths regarding women and military service. Argues for equal rights, equal obligations, and equalopportunities within military and civilian spheres.
From the paper:
"Men and women are treated unequally in regards to military service. Men are required to register for the Selective Service when they turn 18, while women are exempt. While women are allowed to perform most jobs in the military, they are still restricted from some combat roles. This gender inequality stems from antiquated notions of female weakness and domesticity, which have no legal validity in our society today. Furthermore, limiting women's roles in the military violates women's rights to be full and equal citizens of the United States, with all the privileges, obligations, and duties that carries with it."
This paper discusses the belief that school vouchers are a means for the private schools to promote fundamentalist and discriminatory educational systems.
Abstract A critical examination of the school voucher system and how it is a means to reject equalopportunity in education systems. The writer shows how although school vouchers on their own are an important concept for school development, within the dimension of the present day education system, it is not feasible to implement it unless the whole education legislature changes.
From the Paper "State legislature provides that school vouchers are to support the poor students in private sector schooling. They have the freedom to choose the program that reflects their education future. However, in reality, school vouchers account for sectarian education which dominates private schooling. Poverty stricken students comprise of only 20 percent of the private schools. After the decision of Brown vs. Board of Education, school vouchers merely became a means for white students to choose a different schooling system for themselves. Hence, school vouchers use to eradicate discrimination proved unsuccessful [Molnar, 1996]."
Abstract This paper applies Montessori's theories of child education to the concept of equalopportunities for all children, and why children would likely benefit from being exposed to inescapable differences among their peers. These theories are supported through investigating the introduction of children with differences into the classroom via two- way bilingual education training and why this type of educational method has benefits for all students within a given classroom environment.
Abstract This paper looks at how the primary purpose of management development is to help employees analyze their abilities and interests to better match personal needs for growth and development to the needs of the organization. It demonstrates how establishing a mentoring program is an essential part of doing just that and how mentoring programs need to provide equalopportunities for growth for employees of either sex and must cross boundaries or race, color, and creed.
From the Paper "From a strategic standpoint, the development of individuals is directed at a short-term orientation to performance improvement, which results in a lower level of organizational enhancement. Simply put, this means improved knowledge, skills, or behaviors that affect single jobs or groups of jobs. ?Career development is more long term than individual development and is more complex. It has a greater impact on organizational efficiency because it is directed at providing employees with a continuous developmental approach reaching ever-increasing levels of competency, which impacts the total operation of the organization."
Abstract This paper, while acknowledging the positive side of and the need for athletic scholarships, focuses on the negative aspect of athletic scholarships. Some of the negative aspects highlighted in the paper are that athletic scholarships provide an advantage to student athletes that are unfair to non-athletic students. With such a great emphasis on sports, many students feel inferior to athletes, even though they may participate in some other type of extracurricular activity. Furthermore, the paper argues that it is unfair for athletic students to receive all the perks and credits even though they are often absent from the classroom due to practice or competition. At the conclusion of the paper, it is suggested that, while athletic scholarships should be available to athletes, schools should make a greater effort to provide equalopportunities for all other students as well.
From the Paper "As today's society focuses more and more on sports, the educational world is evolving to keep up with the pace. As a result, today's student athletes have even more opportunities and options available to them than they did just a decade ago. In addition to more scholarships in both high school and college education, student today are offered the opportunity to receive part of the credit required to graduate by actively participating in sports."
Abstract This paper discusses how, in this new generation of globalization and multiplicity, individuals subsist even with various differences like gender, race, religion, ethnicity or culture, disability or immigrant status. It looks at how, all through history women, have had to fight for their rights against inequality, discrimination, injustice, and subjugation of all sorts and how, in the past forty years, women have progressed enormously. It discusses how, although a woman can now easily get elected to office or hold a proper job and financially support herself and her family, it does not mean that women are given equalopportunities and rights in the United States.
From the Paper "All through history women have had to fight for their rights, against inequality, discrimination, injustice and subjugation of all sorts, though most of the time their fights have either not been given any attention or have been just hidden. The working class women have had to face various kinds of impediments in history to gain a position of equality. Along with having to face their household responsibilities and also work in horrible working condition where at every opportunity they are exploited, they have had to struggle with ? one hand tied behind them?, as stated by a working class suffragist. They have also had to compete with an ideology that had assigned them a particular position in the society and a pattern as to behave in the society."
Tags: discrimination, injustice, subjugation, rights, working, class
