Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of entropy, describing how it governs every physical, chemical, and biological aspect of life. The paper explores two different perspectives to view entropy: that it is essentially dispersive in nature and that it is constructive in nature. The paper provides examples to illustrate entropy.

From the Paper
"Entropy effects are seen in almost every instance of life. At an atomic and molecular level, the energy of substances is associated with their motion. A more energetic compound has greater motion. This atomic and molecular motion can be translational, vibrational and/or rotational, in decreasing order of energy. Each of these motions is associated with energy levels that are discrete. Atoms and, in turn, molecules cannot have randomly assigned energies. This means that substances can possess only discrete quanta or packets of energy."

Tags:atom, molecule, physics

Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the valuable experiences that were obtained by finding the deep literary meanings in both "Entropy" and "Cathedral," that the authors were striving to reveal. The writer explains why the plot of both these short stories are secondary in importance to the subtext. The writer also details the personal significances of each work of writing, such as the scientific theory of entropy, which is clearly illustrated by the author, Thomas Pynchon.

From the Paper
"The things I learned in each story were personally significant to me, as well. I was not aware of the scientific theory of entropy before I read Pynchon's story, which illustrated the concept perfectly. And, in "Cathedral," the thought of what it would be like to describe something I take for granted to a person whom has never seen anything also affected me, and led me to new levels of thinking. Gaining these levels of thinking can only be considered valuable. Finally, the whole experience of responding to "Entropy" and "Cathedral" was valuable because it will better prepare me for future literary readings. Looking back at the questions asked, I can direct those questions toward future readings and hopefully get similar results. The responses taught me new ways of thinking about stories, which will carry over to all future readings."

Tags:literature, analysis, comparison

Abstract
This paper examines how fundamental the principles of thermodynamics are to pharmacy. The paper covers the topics of Gibbs free energy change, heat of formation, partial molar free energy, energy change and entropy, and discusses how all these are important in pharmaceutics in deciding drug delivery and dosage form. The paper presents the reader with a clearer insight into how important the above are, with extensive explanations into the three laws of thermodynamics and how they all help the modern day pharmaceutical scientist. Many of the complicated calculations involved in thermodynamics are exemplified through examples.

From the Paper
"A pharmacist is regarded as a professional scientist. Thus he is expected to know more than ever, is a thorough knowledge of thermodynamics. This discipline forms a rudimentary backbone of most of the material sciences as many other disciplines do "borrow" heavily from this. 1,3 In studying thermodynamics, it attempts to integrate the factual knowledge of pharmacy and it aids the pharmaceutical scientist to predict the solubility, stability, feasibility, compatibility and biological action of drug products fairly accurately. Processes such as partitioning of solutes between immiscible solvents, the solubility of drugs, micellisation and drug-receptor interaction can all be treated in thermodynamic terms. 1Thermodynamics is concerned with the quantitative relationships between heat and other forms of energy, including mechanical, chemical, electric and radiant energy. 1The main feature to remember in the study of thermodynamics is that it is not possible to know the absolute value of the energy of a system but it is possible to record changes in energy that happen when a system undergoes transformation."

Tags:acid, boltzman, enthalpy, entropy, equilibrium, gibbs, ionisation, pilocarpine, thermochemistry

Abstract
Postmodern literature is one of the most confounding genres in existence today, a reflection of the confusion of the world in which it exists. Thomas Pynchon's novel "The Crying of Lot 49" deals with this difficult issue, using entropy as its organizational structure. The author discusses the novel and its themes.

From the Paper
?Man now lives in a circle without a center, or in a maze without a way out.? (Edward Said, "Abecedarium Culturae: Structuralism, Absence, Writing") Edward Said's words incorporate a very recognizable trait in contemporary society: our journey away from the simpler, concrete, more understandable world of the past into the more complex, abstract, and confusing world of tomorrow. As man grows "smarter" or becomes more aware of his surroundings, we gather more and more information about our universe in an attempt to find ?truth.?

Tags:chaos, collapse, entropy, law, mode, modern, organization, postmodern, symbolism, theory, thermodynamics

Abstract
This paper focuses on the French and Russian Revolutions. The paper explains that the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that energy systems increase their entropy, and the same may be said for revolutions. Throughout history, successful revolutions have not easily retained the social model agreed upon by revolutionary leaders. They are subject to derision. The new governments are fragile and can result in worse atrocities than the original revolution was intended to curtail. Essentially, new revolutionary governments are fragile systems, constantly at risk of melting down.

From the Paper
"The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that energy systems increase their entropy, and the same may be said for revolutions. Throughout history, successful revolutions have not easily retained the social model agreed upon by revolutionary leaders. They are subject to derision. The new governments are fragile and can result in worse atrocities than the original revolution was intended to curtail. Essentially, new revolutionary governments are fragile systems, constantly at risk of melting down."

Tags:history, social, model, thermodynamics

Abstract
The paper discusses innovation as an expensive process, and a daunting one to many business managers as well as the process that fights economic entropy. The paper explores why managers should be open to change.

From the Paper
"Innovation in business is the force which counters entropy. Rather than simply research into new products and technology, innovation is far more widely regarded as a process offering promise of economic advantage. (Rickards) But some innovations come at a price too high for the company to take. All businesses need either product or process innovation to succeed, but the source of that innovation is a matter of strategic decision-making for managers. Is innovation really as important as we have been lead to believe? Yes..."

Tags:innovation, zespri, international, new, zealand, film, industry, typewritter, ribbon, kiwifruit, cost, benefit, creativity, management

Abstract
This five-page undergraduate paper shows that Baudrillard's statements do apply to Sept 11, and also discusses how the representation of Sept 11 is a postmodern one. The media's use of information leads to total entropy.

Abstract
This paper begins by exploring the three distinct themes or influences from Darwin that shaped the course of the works, "Dorian Gray," by Oscar Wilde, and "Dracula", by Bram Stoker. First, the theme of ambivalence toward religion is discussed. Next, the paper discusses the theme concerning the overwhelming fear of monsters hidden within our own genetic code. The paper then examines the last theme of degeneration and entropy. In addition, the issue of racism and how it arose from this fear of degeneration is looked at, as well as how the sexual abuse of African women was justified because of these racist views. Furthermore, cannibalism as a form of sexual lust is discussed and related to the notion of devolution. Finally, the paper compares and contrasts how all of these themes are expressed in both novels.

From the Paper
"At the fin de siecle, a great confusion settled over the intellectual communities. Darwin's theories of natural selection had radically altered the scope of society and the popular imagination since the Origin of Species was released in 1858. By the end of the century, however, scientific criticism of the theory had combined with an increased popular paranoia regarding its logical (and less than logical) consequences. Specifically, the idea that we had evolved from the animals began to develop into a fear that we might retrace our steps and descend once more into bestiality. Fear of intrinsic degeneration and the beast within was heightened by its symbolic merger with a sort of imperial self-doubt, as the poets and prophets of the era increasingly foresaw coming changes to the British Empire and a waning of national power. The basic foundations of the British world were crumbling, though they still appeared outwardly bulwarked."

Tags:sexual, dysfunction, degradation, paranoia, gender, tension, sexual, terror, devil, soul

Abstract
This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of retail promotions, and its strategies. Retailers typically employ a combination of marketing, discounting and sales promotions to move their inventory, while sales promotions include all types of marketing communication activities apart from those associated with advertising, personal selling, and public relations.

From the Paper
"Retailers throughout the world typically employ a combination of marketing discounting and sales promotions to move their inventory. Sales promotions include all types of marketing communication activities apart from those associated with advertising, personal selling and public relations. While these strategies have the short term effect of increasing sales, the long term effect on other larger aspects of the business should not be ignored. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of retail promotions. Keywords..."

Tags:sales promotion, marketing, discounting, retail promotion, inventory, supply chain, marketing, communication, customer entropy, affective appeal, monetary promotion, non-monetary promotion, sales decisions, instant rebate, store traffic, quota, aggregate